NCERT Class 12 Biology: Complete Book, Chapters & Solutions

NCERT Books Class 12 biology 2025-26 guides students through core life science topics, using simple language and illustrations. Each chapter introduces key biological concepts with stepwise explanations, ensuring clarity for school and board preparations.

The NCERT book is directly mapped to the CBSE syllabus, making it a fundamental resource. Regular study of these chapters helps students develop deep, factual understanding and builds confidence for both exams and further studies.

NCERT Books Class 12 biology Chapter-wise Overview

Each chapter in the NCERT biology book builds your understanding step by step, covering basic ideas and advanced concepts. Regular practice with these chapters supports CBSE exam preparation directly from the NCERT book.

Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

This chapter explains how flowering plants reproduce sexually, describing the structure and functions of reproductive organs. Students should focus on the pollination and fertilisation processes. Pay special attention to post-fertilisation changes.

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

Explore the reproductive systems in humans, including the roles of male and female organs. The stages of gametogenesis and fertilisation are covered. Read carefully about the menstrual cycle and embryonic development.

Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

Understand the meaning of reproductive health and the various methods of birth control. The chapter also covers common reproductive diseases. Focus on reproductive health strategies and government measures.

Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

This chapter introduces Mendel’s laws and genetic inheritance patterns. Fundamental ideas like dominance, segregation, and gene interaction are explained. Learn about genetic disorders and how variations occur.

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Explore the structure and function of DNA and RNA, along with protein synthesis. The chapter discusses gene expression and genetic codes. Pay attention to the processes of replication and transcription.

Chapter 6: Evolution

Learn about the origin and history of life, tracing how species have evolved. Theories like Darwin’s evolution are explained simply. Focus on mechanisms of evolution and evidence supporting it.

Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease

This chapter covers the basics of immunity, disease types, and prevention. Key ideas on pathogens and drugs are included. Understand the concepts of vaccination and lifestyle diseases for exams.

Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare

Explore how useful and harmful microbes affect humans in areas like food, industry, and medicine. The roles of microbes in sewage treatment and biofertilizers are discussed. Note important microbial products and their uses.

Chapter 9: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Understand the tools and techniques used in biotechnology, including DNA technology. The basic steps such as isolation, cutting, and cloning genes are explained. Focus on enzymes and vectors in detail.

Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Applications

This chapter explains how biotechnology is used in healthcare, agriculture, and environment. Learn about genetically modified organisms and ethics. Key applications in medicine and farming are covered.

Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations

Study the relationships between organisms and their environments. The chapter discusses population growth, adaptations, and interactions. Focus on definitions of population attributes and examples.

Chapter 12: Ecosystem

Explore the structure and functioning of ecosystems, highlighting energy flow and nutrient cycles. Learn about types of ecosystems and ecological pyramids. Read carefully about food chains and biogeochemical cycles.

Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation

This chapter stresses the importance of biodiversity and the need for conservation. Causes and consequences of biodiversity loss are discussed. Know about protected areas and strategies for biodiversity conservation.

Why Class 12 biology NCERT Books by Vedantu Are Useful for CBSE Students

NCERT books help students master biology concepts with clear explanations and diagrams. These books prepare learners for all types of questions, making revision and practice efficient for CBSE board exams. Study becomes simple and meaningful, supporting scoring well and growing your understanding.

• Directly aligned with CBSE syllabus.
• Clear explanations and authentic definitions.
• Helpful for school exams and board preparation.
• Strong base for revision and reference.

How Class 12 biology NCERT Books Help in CBSE Exam Preparation

NCERT biology books are essential for building foundational concepts and preparing for CBSE exams and class 12 board questions. Their stepwise explanations support easy last-minute revision and answer writing.

• Concepts asked directly in CBSE exams.
• Supports descriptive and application questions.
• Ideal for last-minute revision.

Read NCERT chapters in biology thoroughly and revise regularly. This builds strong fundamentals and gives you confidence to answer exam questions.