NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 - Biotechnology And Its Applications

Section−A (1 Mark Questions)

1. ADA is an enzyme which is crucial for the immune system to function. What is the full form of ADA?

Ans. Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme which is crucial for the immune system to function

2. Name a molecular diagnostic technique to detect the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of infection. 

Ans. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) detects the presence of a pathogen in its early stage of infection. 

3. What does Bt in Bt cotton stands for?

Ans. Bt in Bt cotton stands for Bacillus thuringiensis.

4. What was the name of first transgenic cow?

Ans. First transgenic cow was named Rosie. 

5. What does GEAC stands for?

Ans. GEAC stands for Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.

Section−B (2 Mark Questions)

6. What is Biopiracy? 

Ans. Biopiracy refers to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.

7. Answer the following questions.

(i) For which Indian rice variety was patent filed by a USA company?

(ii) How are ‘cry’ and ‘CRY’ different from each other?

Ans. (i) Basmati rice is an Indian rice variety for which the patent was files by a USA company. 

(ii) ‘cry’ is the gene that encodes for ‘CRY’ protein (Bt toxin).

8. What are the main objectives of GEAC?

Ans. GEAC is Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. It is an Indian government organization. Its main objectives are as follows:

• To examine the validity of genetic modification research.

• To inspect whether the use of genetically modified crops is safe for public use or not.
  
  

9. Name the following questions.

(i) Name the source organism of the gene cryIAc and its target pest.

(ii) Name the cry genes that control cotton bollworm and com borer respectively.

Ans. (i) Source of gene crylAc is Bacillus thuringiensis and its target pest-cotton bollworms. 

(ii) The cry genes that control Cotton boll worm are cryIAc and cryIIAb, and Corn borer is controlled by the gene cryIAb.

10. Why should not the patent on Basmati have gone to an American company?

Ans. The patent on Basmati shouldn’t have gone to an American company for the following reasons:

• The Basmati rice variety traditionally belongs to India.

• The patented variety of Basmati was derived from ‘Indian farmer’s variety’.

 11. Answer the following questions.

(i) What are genetically modified organisms (GMO)? 

(ii) Give an example of GMO.

Ans. (i) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms (i.e., plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.

(ii) Golden rice is an example of GM crop.

PDF Summary - Class 12 Biology Bio-technology and Its Application Notes (Chapter 1)

1. Crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves because—

1. bacteria are resistant to the toxin

2. the toxin is immature;

3. the toxin is inactive;

4. bacteria enclose toxins in a special sac.

Ans:  (c) Toxin is inactive.

Explanation: An inactive form of Bt toxin, i.e., prototoxin is present in bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. When it enters the insect’s gut it gets activated in the presence of stomach acid.

2. What are transgenic bacteria? Illustrate using any one example.

Ans: The other name used for transgenic bacteria is genetically modified bacteria. These kinds of bacteria have been specially designed to carry a foreign gene that has been introduced artificially into its genome so that it can express the desired gene to produce or create products having commercial importance.

Example: Escherichia coli is a transgenic bacterium that carries two DNA sequences corresponding to the A and B insulin chains of humans as a foreign gene to produce those insulin chains. Given below is an illustration showing the process of formation of human insulin.

3. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of the production of genetically modified crops.

Ans: Differences between advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops are:

4. What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploited this protein to his benefit?

Ans: Cry proteins are those poisonous proteins that are insecticidal and are known to be secreted in crystal form and the toxin is produced by a gene which is known as cry.

An organism that produces this protein is a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis.

In recent times, man has exploited this protein to produce crops that are transgenic such as BT cotton, BT brinjal, and many more which has developed resistance against the insects.

5. What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.

Ans: Gene therapy is a technique that believes in utilizing genes to treat or prevent diseases. However, it can either replace a mutated gene that can cause disease or it is also capable of inactivating a mutated gene that fails to function normally.

Gene therapy is described below using the example of adenosine deaminase deficiency:

• Due to adenosine deaminase deficiency, production of severe immunodeficiency as well as functions of T, B, and natural killer cells impairment can be seen. 

• These complications can be resolved with the help of gene therapy which contains \[CD34 + \]enriched cells subjected to transduction with a retroviral vector and the immune reconstitution can be done. 

6. Diagrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing a human gene (say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E. coli?

Ans: The following diagram represents the experimental steps in cloning and expressing a human growth hormone gene in E. coli.

7. Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of rDNA technology and the chemistry of oil?

Ans: Recombinant DNA technology is one of the methods to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds.

The seed oils have glycerol and fatty acids as the main constituents. To remove oil from seeds we need to find those genes which produce those fatty acids and glycerol. Then appropriate genes can be removed by restriction endonuclease and reseal the DNA by ligases. Those cells can be grown in an artificial medium and new plants can be formed by micropropagation. These plants will contain seeds without oil.

8. Find out from the internet what golden rice is.

Ans: Golden rice can be rightly defined as the product of genetic engineering by performing biosynthesis of beta-carotene which is known to be the precursor of Vitamin A. The main reason behind producing golden rice is to introduce a nutritionally high dietary fiber in areas having a scarcity of dietary vitamins. Since rice is considered to be the staple diet and is quite cosmopolitan in distribution, therefore, this crop has been engineered genetically to curb the problem of nutrition deficiency globally.

9. Does our blood have proteases and nucleases?

Ans: No, human blood doesn’t have enzymes such as proteases and nucleases, at least not in active condition. If such enzymes are present in the blood, they would break down the proteins in the blood and the nucleic acids in the blood cells.

10. Consult the internet and find out how to make orally active & protein pharmaceuticals. What is the major problem to be encountered?

Ans: To make orally active and protein pharmaceuticals, the drugs must be undergone coating with the help of a film that is protein degrading enzyme resistant. The problem associated with the pharmaceutical drugs which can be consumed orally is that those drugs if made without proper coating or film, can be easily degraded by the enzymes such as proteases that are present in our alimentary canal.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 - Biotechnology and its Applications

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12- Free PDF Download

NCERT Class 12 Biology has its Chapter 12 focusing on Biotechnology and its applications. Vedantu’s NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 solutions are prepared and curated by experts and will allow you to solve them quickly while simultaneously grasping the concepts. Some of these questions are also frequently repeated in board exams and are essential to entrance exams. These questions are mostly theoretical and are explained in detail in the solution. Download free CBSE NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 solutions PDF with a single click on the pdf link given below. It will help you clear you Chapter 12- Biotechnology and its applications concepts clearly.

Chapter 12 - Biotechnology and its Applications

• The chapter covers the basic concepts of Biotechnology and its uses in various fields.

• The focal points of Biotechnology and its applications are emphasized.

• The chapter discusses the applications of Biotechnology in industries such as agriculture and medicine.

• Biotechnology research is also addressed in the chapter.

• The applications of Biotechnology in farming and pharmaceuticals are discussed.

• The chapter explores Genetics and Genetically Modified organisms.

• Ethical issues related to Biotechnology are also a focus.

• The chapter is theory-oriented, with a strong emphasis on applications in agriculture and medicine.

• Weightage is given to practices, standard methods, and examples in agriculture and medicine.

• Questions in the chapter will be based on the data covered in the chapter.

• Answers to the questions should include key points relevant to the topic, including processes, applications, and examples.

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Access Other Chapters of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organism

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plant

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction 

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 5 Principle of Intelligence and Variation

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 Evolution

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principle and Process 

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 13 Organism and Population

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 14 Ecosystem

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 16 Environmental Issues 

Other Related Links

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

• NCERT Books for Class 12 Biology

• CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes

• Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Biology, Chapter-wise Solutions

• CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Biology (Term 1 & 2)