NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 - Polymers

1. Explain the Terms Polymer and Monomer.

Ans: Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (${{10}^{3}}-{{10}^{7}}u$ ). In a polymer, various monomer units are joined by strong covalent bonds. Polymers can be natural as well as synthetic. Polythene, rubber, and nylon 6, 6 are examples of polymers. Monomers are simple, reactive molecules that combine with each other in large numbers through covalent bonds to give rise to polymers. For example, ethene, propene, styrene, vinyl chloride.

2. What are Natural and Synthetic Polymers? Give Two Examples of Each Type.

Ans: Natural polymers are polymers that are found in nature. They are formed by plants and animals. Examples include protein, cellulose, starch, etc. Synthetic polymers are polymers made by human beings. Examples include plastic (polythene), synthetic fibres (nylon 6,6), synthetic rubber (Buna - S).

3. Distinguish Between the Terms Homopolymer and Copolymer and Give an Example of Each.

Ans: 

4. How Do You Explain the Functionality of a Monomer?

Ans: The functionality of a monomer is the number of binding sites that is/are present in that monomer. 

For example, the functionality of monomers such as ethylene and propene is one and that of 1, 3- butadiene and adipic acid is two.

5. Define the Term Polymerization.

Ans: Polymerization is the process of forming high molecular mass (${{10}^{3}}-{{10}^{7}}u$) macromolecules, which consist of repeating structural units derived from monomers. In a polymer, various monomer units are joined by strong covalent bonds.

6. Is a ${{(-NH-CHR-CO-)}_{n}}$  Homopolymer or Copolymer?

Ans: ${{(-NH-CHR-CO-)}_{n}}$ is a homopolymer, because it is obtained from single monomer unit $N{{H}_{2}}-CHR-COOH$

7. In Which Classes, the Polymers are Classified on the Basis of Molecular Forces?

Ans: On the basis of magnitude of intermolecular forces present in polymers, they are classified into the following groups: 

i. Elastomers 

ii. Fibres 

iii. Thermoplastic polymers 

iv. Thermosetting polymers

8. How Can You Differentiate Between Addition and Condensation Polymerization?

Ans: Addition polymerization is the process of repeated addition of monomers, possessing double or triple bonds to form polymers. For example, polythene is formed by addition polymerization of ethene.

\[n\underset{Ethene}{\mathop{C{{H}_{2}}=C{{H}_{2}}}}\,\to \underset{Polythene}{\mathop{{{(-C{{H}_{2}}-C{{H}_{2}}-)}_{n}}}}\,\] 

Condensation polymerization is the process of formation of polymers by repeated condensation reactions between two different bi-functional or tri-functional monomers. A small molecule such as water or hydrogen chloride is eliminated in each condensation. For example, nylon 6,6 is formed by condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.

\[\underset{Hexamethyelenedia\text{}}{\mathop{nN{{H}_{2}}{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}N{{H}_{2}}+}}\,\underset{Adipic\text{}acid}{\mathop{nCOOH{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}COOH}}\,\to \underset{Nylon-6,6}{\mathop{{{[-NH{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}NHCO{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}CO-]}_{_{n}}}+}}\,n{{H}_{2}}O\]

9. Explain the Term Copolymerization and Give Two Examples.

Ans: The polymers from two or more different monomeric units are called copolymerization. Multiple units of each monomer are present in a copolymer. The process of forming polymer Buna—S from 1, 3-butadiene and styrene is an example of copolymerization

\[n\underset{1,3-butadiene}{\mathop{C{{H}_{2}}=CH-CH=C{{H}_{2}}}}\,+n\underset{styrene}{\mathop{{{C}_{6}}{{H}_{5}}=C{{H}_{2}}}}\,\xrightarrow{Copolymerization}\underset{BuNa-S}{\mathop{{{(-C{{H}_{2}}-CH=CH-C{{H}_{2}}-\underset{{{C}_{6}}{{H}_{5}}}{\mathop{\underset{|}{\mathop{CH}}\,}}\,-)}_{n}}}}\,\] 

Nylon 6, 6 is also a copolymer formed by hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.

\[\underset{Hexamethyelenedia\min e}{\mathop{nN{{H}_{2}}{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}N{{H}_{2}}+}}\,\underset{Adipic\text{ }acid}{\mathop{nCOOH{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}COOH}}\,\to \underset{Nylon-6,6}{\mathop{{{[-NH{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}NHCO{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}CO-]}_{_{n}}}+}}\,n{{H}_{2}}O\]

10. Write the Free Radical Mechanism for the Polymerization of Ethene.

Ans: Polymerization of ethene to polythene consists of heating or exposing to light, a mixture of ethene with a small amount of benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The reaction involved in this process is given below:

11. Define Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Polymers With Two Examples of Each.

Ans: Thermoplastic polymers are linear (slightly branched) long chain polymers, which can be repeatedly softened and hardened on heating. Hence, they can be modified again and again. Examples include polythene, polystyrene. 

Thermosetting polymers are cross-linked or heavily branched polymers which get hardened during the molding process. These plastics cannot be softened again on heating. Examples of thermosetting plastics include Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resins.

12. Write the Monomers Used for Getting the Following Polymers.

a) Polyvinyl Chloride 

Ans: Vinyl Chloride ($C{{H}_{2}}=CHCl$ )

b) Teflon

Ans: Tetrafluoroethylene ($C{{F}_{2}}=C{{F}_{2}}$ )

c) Bakelite

Ans: Formaldehyde ($HCHO$ ) and phenol (${{C}_{6}}{{H}_{5}}OH$ )

13. Write the Name and Structure of One of the Common Initiators Used in Free Radical Addition Polymerisation.

Ans: One common initiator used in free radical addition polymerization is benzoyl peroxide. Its structure is given below.

14. How Does the Presence of Double Bonds in Rubber Molecules Influence Their Structure and Reactivity?

Ans: Natural rubber is a linear cis-polyisoprene in which the double bonds are present between ${{C}_{2}}$  and ${{C}_{3}}$  of the isoprene units. 

Because of this cis-configuration, intermolecular interactions between the various strands of isoprene are quite weak. As a result, various strands in natural rubber are arranged randomly. Hence, it shows elasticity.

15. Discuss the Main Purpose of Vulcanization of Rubber.

Ans: Natural rubber though useful has some problems associated with its use. These limitations are discussed below:

1. Natural rubber is quite soft and sticky at room temperature. At elevated temperatures ($>335K$ ), it becomes even softer. At low temperatures ($<283K$ ) , it becomes brittle. Thus, to maintain its elasticity, natural rubber is generally used in the temperature range of 283 K-335 K. 

2. It has the capacity to absorb large amounts of water.

3. It has low tensile strength and low resistance to abrasion.

4. It is soluble in non-polar solvents.

5. It is easily attacked by oxidizing agents.

Vulcanization of natural rubber is done to improve upon all these properties. In this process, a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur and appropriate additive is heated at a temperature range between 373 K and 415K

16. What are the Monomeric Repeating Units of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6, 6?

Ans: The monomeric repeating unit of nylon 6 is $[NH-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{5}}-CO]$   which is derived from caprolactam.

The monomeric repeating unit of nylon 6, 6 is  $[NH-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}-NH-CO-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}-CO]$  which is derived from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.

17. Write the Names and Structures of the Monomers of the Following Polymers:

i. BuNa-S

ii. BuNa-N

iii. Dacron

iv. Neoprene

Ans:

Polymer		Monomer	Structure of Monomer
1	BuNa-S	1,3-butadiene	$C{{H}_{2}}=CH-CH=C{{H}_{2}}$
		Styrene	${{C}_{6}}{{H}_{5}}=C{{H}_{2}}$
2	BuNa-N	1,3-butadiene	$C{{H}_{2}}=CH-CH=C{{H}_{2}}$
		Acrylonitrile	$C{{H}_{2}}=CH-CN$
3	Neoprene	Chloroprene	$C{{H}_{2}}=\underset{Cl}{\mathop{\underset{|}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,-CH=C{{H}_{2}}$
4.	Dacron	Ethylene glycol	$HO{{H}_{2}}C-C{{H}_{2}}OH$
		Terephthalic acid

18. Identify the Monomer in the Following Polymeric Structures.

i.                                                

Ans: The monomers of the given polymeric structure are decanoic acid $[HOOC-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{8}}-COOH]$ and hexamethylenediamine $[{{H}_{2}}N{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}N{{H}_{2}}]$ 

ii.                                               

Ans: The monomers of the given polymeric structure are

19. How is Dacron Obtained from Ethylene Glycol and Terephthalic Acid?

Ans: The condensation polymerization of Ethylene glycol and Terephthalic acid leads to the formation of Dacron.

20. What is a Biodegradable Polymer? Give an Example of Biodegradable Aliphatic Polyester.

Ans: A polymer that can be decomposed by bacteria is called a biodegradable polymer. Poly- $\beta $  -hydroxybutyrate-CO- $\beta $  -hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is biodegradable aliphatic polyester.

Intext Solution

1. What are Polymers’?

Ans: Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules, which consist of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (${{10}^{3}}-{{10}^{7}}u$ ). In a polymer, various monomer units are joined by strong covalent bonds. These polymers can be natural as well as synthetic. Polythene, rubber, and nylon 6, 6 are examples of polymers.

2. How are Polymers Classified on the Basis of Structure?

Ans: Polymers are classified on the basis of structure as follows:

i. Linear Polymers: 

These polymers are formed of long straight chains. They can be depicted as: For e.g., high density polythene (HDP), polyvinyl chloride, etc.

ii. Branched Chain Polymers:

These polymers are basically linear chain polymers with some branches. These polymers are represented as: For e.g., low density polythene (LDP), amylopectin, etc.

iii. Cross-linked or Network Polymers:

These polymers have many cross-linking bonds that give rise to a network-like structure. These polymers contain bi-functional and trifunctional monomers and strong covalent bonds between various linear polymer chains. Examples of such polymers include Bakelite and melmac.

3. Write the Names of Monomers of the Following Polymers:

i.\[{{[-\underset{H}{\mathop{\underset{|}{\mathop{N}}\,}}\,-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}-\underset{H}{\mathop{\underset{|}{\mathop{N}}\,}}\,-\underset{O}{\mathop{\underset{\parallel}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}-\underset{O}{\mathop{\underset{\parallel }{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,-]}_{n}}\] 

Ans: Hexamethylenediamine $[{{H}_{2}}N-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{6}}-N{{H}_{2}}]$  and adipic acid $[HOOC-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{4}}-COOH]$ 

ii.\[{{[-\underset{O}{\mathop{\underset{\parallel }{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,-{{(C{{H}_{2}})}_{5}}-\underset{H}{\mathop{\underset{|}{\mathop{N}}\,}}\,-]}_{n}}\]

Ans:

iii. \[{{[-C{{F}_{2}}-C{{F}_{2}}-]}_{n}}\]

Ans: Tetrafluoroethene $(C{{F}_{2}}-C{{F}_{2}})$ 

4. Classify the Following as Addition and Condensation Polymers: Terylene, Bakelite, Polyvinyl Chloride, Polythene.

Ans: 

i. Addition Polymers: 

Polyvinyl chloride, polythene 

ii. Condensation Polymers: 

Terylene, Bakelite

5. Explain the Difference Between Buna-N and Buna-S.

Ans: Buna — N is a copolymer of 1, 3-butadiene and acrylonitrile. 

Buna - S is a copolymer of 1, 3—butadiene and styrene.

6. Arrange the Following Polymers in Increasing Order of Their Intermolecular Forces.

i. Nylon 6, 6, Buna-S, Polythene.

Ans: Buna - S < polythene < Nylon 6, 6

ii. Nylon 6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride.

Ans: Neoprene < polyvinyl chloride < Nylon 6

Different types of polymers have different intermolecular forces of attraction. Elastomers or rubbers have the weakest while fibres have the strongest intermolecular forces of attraction. Plastics have intermediate intermolecular forces of attraction. Hence, the increasing order of the intermolecular forces of the given polymers is as above.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15 - Free PDF Download

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 15

Class 12 Chemistry Polymers NCERT solutions are handy for students in many ways. However, those wanting to get full marks in Chemistry, Polymers are a short chapter to study. It is a chapter which is purely conceptual with a lot of emphasis in theory.

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