Key Effects of Hypothyroidism on the Human Body
What is Hypothyroidism?
The human body is made up of many organs, glands, nerves, and tissues that perform to keep our body in a healthy condition. The thyroid glands is a ductless endocrine gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood. Two types of hormones are produced by thyroid gland - Thyroxine T4 AND Triiodothyronine T3. Together, these two hormones are known as thyroid hormones. Any abnormalities in the thyroid glands and its hormones lead to health issues. These hormones help to burn calories and regulate the heart rate. Here, we will study about hypothyroidism hormone. In addition, we shall also learn about the precautions for hypothyroidism, if one faces health conditions.
You know by now that the thyroid is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland (secreting hormones directly into the blood) in your neck. It makes and secretes two hormones directly into the blood- thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for all cells in the body to function normally. The thyroid gland also secretes a protein hormone called thyrocalcitonin or TCT. This hormone is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It is essential to have a balanced metabolism in the body to keep it fit and healthy. Fig.1
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Sometimes, there may be an imbalance in the metabolism. Note that to have a balanced metabolism, a balanced secretion of thyroid hormone is vital. The balance in the flow of thyroid hormones sometimes sees an impairment. This impairment can lead to overproduction or underproduction of hormones. When the thyroid produces more hormones, it leads to hyperthyroidism. When there is less production or underproduction, the condition is known as hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to meet the needs of the body. In other words, we can say that the thyroid gland becomes underactive. The opposite of hypothyroidism is hyperthyroidism- a situation where the thyroid gland is overactive. It is important to note that there is a link between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and it is complex- one can lead to the other, in some circumstances.
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Causes of Hypothyroidism
Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism in our body. Or, we can say that it shows the way how our body uses energy. If the production of thyroxine levels are low in the body, many of the functions in the body slow down. Let us know about some causes that lead the thyroid gland to under-produce the all-too vital thyroxine hormone. Some of the common causes of hypothyroidism are:
Some types of medications.
Severe deficiency in Iodine
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Any disorders in the pituitary gland.
Exposure of neck area to radiations.
Removal or damage to the thyroid gland by surgery.
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
The symptoms in case of hypothyroidism may depend upon the severity. In most cases, the symptoms may differ from person to person. The signs and the symptoms also depend upon the level of the hormonal deficiency. When the thyroid gland is underactive or produces less hormone, the situation can slow down other activities of the body. It is difficult to initially realise the condition of hypothyroidism. With time, as the metabolism or the use of energy slows down, prominent signs and symptoms emerge. Here are a few symptoms of hypothyroidism to look out for:
1 – Fatigue or tiredness
2 – High cholesterol along with weight gain.
3 – Problems with memory.
4 – A dull, pale, and coarse skin.
5 – Dry hair and hair loss.
6 – Frequent constipation issues
7 – Abnormal menstrual cycles
8 – Depression and irritability
9 – Excess sleep and lack of energy.
10 – Muscle cramps
Treatment for Hypothyroidism
There is no permanent cure for this condition. However, medications and lifelong therapies work. Specific drugs work and are useful in controlling the imbalance by replacing the levels of T4 and T3 hormones. Some thyroid supplements are available to treat this underproduction. The doctors typically check the age, causes, and hormone levels before they can prescribe any medications.
Along with the treatment, it is essential to follow some precautions and adopt lifestyle changes to address the issue. Regular testing also helps. Some changes and measures include having a balanced diet, regular exercise, walking, and weight loss programs. Plus, quitting smoking habits and cutting down on consumption of alcohol, and drinking lots of water.
FAQs on Hypothyroidism Explained: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
1. What is hypothyroidism and what happens in the body when someone has it?
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are crucial for regulating the body's metabolism. When their levels are low, many of the body's functions slow down, leading to a variety of symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and a slowed heart rate.
2. What are the most common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism in students and adults?
The symptoms of hypothyroidism develop gradually and can vary, but commonly include:
- Persistent fatigue and sluggishness, even after adequate sleep.
- Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight.
- Increased sensitivity to cold.
- Constipation and digestive issues.
- Dry skin, brittle nails, and thinning hair.
- Muscle weakness, aches, tenderness, or stiffness.
- Cognitive issues like memory problems or difficulty concentrating, often called 'brain fog'.
- In women, it can cause irregular or heavy menstrual periods.
3. What are the primary causes of an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)?
The leading cause of hypothyroidism worldwide is iodine deficiency, as iodine is essential for producing thyroid hormones. In regions with sufficient iodine intake, the most common cause is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes include previous thyroid surgery, radiation therapy to the neck area, certain medications, and problems with the pituitary gland.
4. How does hypothyroidism affect the level of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in a blood test?
The body uses a negative feedback loop to control hormone levels. The pituitary gland produces TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland is failing and produces insufficient thyroxine. To compensate, the pituitary gland releases more TSH to try and stimulate the underactive thyroid. Therefore, a high TSH level combined with a low thyroxine (T4) level is the key indicator for diagnosing hypothyroidism.
5. What is the difference between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism?
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are opposite conditions:
- Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): The thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormone, leading to a slowed metabolism. Symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, and feeling cold. TSH levels are typically high.
- Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, causing an accelerated metabolism. Symptoms include weight loss, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and feeling hot. TSH levels are typically very low.
6. Can hypothyroidism be permanently cured?
For most people, especially those with autoimmune hypothyroidism like Hashimoto's, there is no permanent cure. It is considered a lifelong condition that can be effectively managed with daily medication. However, in some specific cases, such as hypothyroidism caused by a viral infection (thyroiditis) or certain medications, thyroid function may return to normal once the underlying cause is resolved.
7. How is hypothyroidism managed from a biological standpoint?
The standard treatment for hypothyroidism involves hormone replacement therapy. The goal is to restore adequate hormone levels and reverse the signs and symptoms. This is achieved by taking a daily oral medication called levothyroxine, which is a synthetic form of the thyroxine (T4) hormone. This medication replaces the hormone that the thyroid gland can no longer produce, thereby restoring the body's normal metabolic functions.
8. What are the serious health complications if hypothyroidism is left untreated?
If left untreated, chronic hypothyroidism can lead to severe health problems, including:
- Goitre: A visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can interfere with swallowing and breathing.
- Heart Problems: Increased risk of high cholesterol and heart failure due to a slowed heart rate and decreased cardiac efficiency.
- Infertility: Low thyroid hormone levels can interfere with ovulation and fertility in women.
- Myxedema Coma: A rare but life-threatening condition where the body's functions slow down to a critical point, triggered by severe, long-term untreated hypothyroidism.
9. Can hypothyroidism affect a person's mood and mental well-being?
Yes, there is a strong link between thyroid function and mental health. The low hormone levels in hypothyroidism can significantly impact brain chemistry, often leading to symptoms like depression, apathy, mood swings, and anxiety. Many individuals also report experiencing 'brain fog,' which includes difficulty with concentration, memory lapses, and a general feeling of mental sluggishness.
