Difference Between Chromatin and Chromosomes

Before getting into the difference between chromatin fiber and chromosomes, let’s recapitulate what we have learned about chromatin and chromosomes. Chromatin is a complex, made up of DNA and proteins. It is found in eukaryotic cells only. Chromatin is responsible for packaging DNA double helix. It also helps in avoiding DNA entanglement, protecting DNA from any kind of damage, and DNA replication. On the other hand, Chromosomes are composed of packaged proteins and DNA and exhibit genetic information. It is also found in eukaryotic cells only. Chromosomes developed from condensed chromatin fibers. Now, let’s get into the prime topic- “what is the difference between chromatin fiber and chromosomes”.

Chromatin

Chromatin is referred to as a type of structure acquired by the DNA double-helix in eukaryotes. It is a substance comprising DNA, protein and RNA. The main function of chromatin is to package DNA into the cell nucleus. Chromatin also regulates gene expression and allows DNA replication. In addition to this, It also prevents DNA damage. The proteins bind with the DNA strand in histones. 

Chromosome

Chromosomes are defined as the highest condensed structure of the DNA double-helix with proteins. The human body comprises forty-six independent chromosomes in the genome. In some of the genomes, there is more than one set of chromosomes. Those copies of the same chromosome are called homologous chromosome pairs. 22 homologous pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes are included in this.

Difference Between Chromatin Fiber and Chromosome

The difference between chromatin and chromosome can be represented with the help of the analogy of wool. Chromatin is the unrolled stack of wool, whereas chromosomes are the tightly rolled and condensed wool ball. The DNA is wound around nuclear proteins and histones in chromosomes which enable the DNA to be condensed. Chromatin is the form of DNA in the interphase, whereas chromosomes only appear during the mitosis process. 

Chromatin and chromosome are 2 types of DNA present in different stages of the cell of the human body. Each chromatin contains DNA, RNA, and histone proteins. There are two types of chromatin, (i) euchromatin and (ii) heterochromatin. Contrarily, a chromosome is the highest condensed structure of DNA double helix present inside the nucleus. Chromosomes contain telomeres, centromeres, and an origin of replication apart from genes. Chromosomes are condensed 10,000 times more than the normal DNA double helix, whereas the Chromatins are condensed 50 times than the normal DNA double helix. Hence, this is the main difference between chromosomes and chromatin.

We have tried to cover up sufficient points for the difference between chromatin and chromosomes. We hope that if the question comes - differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes, you have sufficient points for answering the same.

Structure and Formation of Chromatin and Chromosomes

The main element of chromatin structure is the nucleosome which is a complex of DNA and histones. The fiber of chromatin is approximately 10 nm in diameter. Chromatins constitute DNA folded on nucleoproteins by a magnitude of 50. Chromosomes are made up of compacted chromatin where DNA is compacted at least by 10,000 times onto itself.

Chromatin vs. Chromosome (Structure)

Let’s take the discussion a bit further and differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes based on their structure. For this, we'll be explaining the structure of chromatins and chromosomes one by one.

Structure of Chromatin

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We’ll begin our discussion of chromatin vs. chromosome by defining the structure of chromatin first.

• Structural Entity: Nucleosomes are the structural entity of chromatin.

• Size: 10nm (approx)

• Representation: DNA overlapping nucleoproteins by a magnitude of 50.

• Chromatin also helps in the formation of chromosomes.

Structure of Chromosomes

Now, let’s define the structure of chromosomes.

• Structural Entity: Chromatins fibers are the structural entity of chromosomes.

• Size: 1 to >20 μm (approx)

We hope that the structural difference between the chromatin and chromosomes is very much clear. So if you are asked to differentiate between chromatin and chromosome, based on structure, you have a sufficient answer.

Chromatin vs. Chromosome (Metabolism)

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Now, let’s talk about the metabolic difference between chromatin fiber and chromosomes. We’ll be following the same pattern i.e. defining the metabolic activities one by one.

Metabolic Activities in Chromatin

Chromatin Shows the Following Metabolic Activities:

DNA Replication: DNA replication is the process by which genetic material is passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells. When a cell grows, it must replicate the DNA to carry forward the genetic information, which is done by replicating the DNA.

RNA Synthesis: RNA synthesis or transcription is a process by which the gene codons are copied into RNA polymerase. It creates RNA copies of the genes for the cells to use and results in the formation of mRNA, tRNA, etc.

Metabolic Activities in Chromosomes

Chromosomes don't exhibit any metabolic activities. The reason behind this is the structure of the chromosomes. Since they are tightly coiled, it becomes unmanageable for the chromosomes to perform metabolism.

We have differentiated chromatin and chromosomes based on metabolic activities. If the question arises- explain the metabolic activities in chromatin, we have covered sufficient points. We'll be heading towards our next section- The difference between chromatin fiber and chromosomes based on presence. 

Chromatin Vs. Chromosome (Presence)

After differentiating between chromatin fiber and chromosomes based on metabolic activities, let's now distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes based on their presence in genetic processes. 

Presence of Chromatin

For this section, let’s first see the presence of chromatin fibers.

• Chromatin fibers are found at every stage of the cell cycle.

• The further coiling of chromatin fibers leads to the formation of chromosomes.

Presence of Chromosomes

Now, let’s see the presence of chromosomes. We’ll see the presence of chromosomes in two types of cells:

• Diploid Cells: Diploid cells show two complete sets of chromosomes.

• Haploid Cells: Haploid cells show a single complete set of chromosomes.

Fun Fact: How are Chromosomes and Chromatin Related to Each Other?

We have seen how chromatin and chromosomes differ from each other. Now, we’ll be looking forward to the last topic of our discussion i.e. the relationship between chromosomes and chromatin fibers.

Chromatin fibers are formed of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and proteins. When the cell carries out the process of division, chromatin fibers start condensing into long threads and become rod-like structures called chromosomes.

Just like chromatin, chromosomes also contain DNA, which is required for protein synthesis. The hereditary material, DNA, contains all the genetic material to be forwarded to the next generation.

Here we are done with our discussion about the difference between chromatin and chromosomes. We have covered sufficient points regarding the topic and hope that it was useful for you. We’ll be ending our discussion about chromatin vs. Chromosome with some questions related to the topic - the difference between chromatin fiber and chromosome.

Similarities Between Chromatin and Chromosome

• Chromatin and chromosomes are often associated with histone proteins.

• Both chromatin and chromosomes contain DNA.

• Chromatin and chromosomes, both contain the genetic information of the cell.

Conclusion

Chromatin and chromosome are the two types of structures of the DNA double-helix appearing in the different stages of the cell. The main objective of chromatin is to pack the double-helix DNA into the cell nucleus with the aid of histone proteins. The DNA molecules are condensed 50 times than their normal structure in the chromatin fibers. The main objective of the chromosome is to ensure the separation of doubled genetic material between the two daughter cells. They appear only in the metaphase of the cell cycle, achieving its highest condensed structure. The main difference between chromatin and chromosome is in their density and function during the cell cycle.