Question

Tissue culture is
A. Growth of specific plant structures on artificial medium.
B. Growth and multiplication of cells on artificial medium.
C. Cryogenic maintenance of tissues.
D. Maintenance, growth and differentiation of cells, tissues and organs on artificial medium.

Answer 1

Hint: The cells are dynamic units and are complete biological units to perform different functions. The properties of the cell and their studies are carried out by various methods. The study of their nature and properties help in the development of useful research which can be employed for development of better varieties of plants and to treat several diseases and pathogenic conditions in animals. Tissue culture is an important tool in the study of different properties of the living cells.

Complete answer:
Tissue culture is the process of growth of tissues or cells obtained from animals or plants, in an artificial medium in controlled conditions such as in the laboratory. It involves the culture of tissues and cells of animals and plants. The process includes the development and growth of the cells derived from the tissue of a multicellular organism in vitro. The cells are allowed to grow on a medium which is known as the growth medium. It is also known as a culture medium and it facilitates the growth and development of the cells and the tissues. The culture or the growth medium is generally a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium such as broth or agar.
The cells from the tissues are grown on the artificial media and the cells are obtained by isolating these cells from the donor organism. The isolated cells are known as the primary cells. These cells may also be isolated from an immortalised cell line. The cells of the immortalised cell line do not normally proliferate but they can keep on diving in in- vitro conditions due to mutation. These cells can be grown for an increased period in artificial conditions. The cells that are used in the process of tissue culture are bathed in a culture medium and allowed to grow by division. The growth medium contains all the required essential nutrients and energy sources for the survival and growth of the cells.
The tissue culture serves as an important tool for the study of the various types of cells of animals and plants. The process of tissue culture provides for a lab or in vitro replica of the tissues and the cells and can be analysed and manipulated to serve different purposes. In plants, the tissue culture is mainly related to growth of the entire plants from the fragments of pieces that are cultured in the artificial medium. In animals, the cultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a population or a whole or parts of an organ.
The tissues obtained from the tissue cultures are then preserved for further utilisation by suspending the tissues to extreme freezing temperatures which are known as cryogenic temperatures. This process ensures that the preserved tissue, cell or organ obtained during culture can be kept for a prolonged period of time.

Therefore, the option D is the correct and appropriate option.


Note:
The technique of tissue culture is a method employed to grow, maintain and develop biological cells that are obtained from multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. The main purpose of tissue culture is the biological research and study of the cells in artificial and controlled environments. The cells in culture can multiply, grow in size and exhibit specialized functions. The cells are allowed to grow in a synthetic or artificial media which can provide different nutrients for the growth of the cells.