NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3

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The periodic table is an arrangement of all the chemical elements based on the chemical properties that they show. The metals are present on the left side while the non-metals are on the right side. The rows of the columns are called periods while the columns are called groups. There are a total of 92 elements found naturally in nature. Out of these 90 elements, 70 are metals, and 22 are non-metals.

Metals

There are various kinds of metals present in the earth’s surface.

• Alkaline earth metals.

• Alkali metals.

• Transition metals.

• Actinides.

• Lanthanides.

The metals are placed on the left side of the periodic table. They are separated from the non-metals by a zigzag element line that consists of elements such as Carbon, Phosphorus, Selenium, Iodine and Radon. These elements are common to both metals and non-metals, and they exhibit features of both the elements. Hence they are also known as metalloids.

Physical Properties of Metals

• All metals exist in the solid-state except mercury. Mercury is the only metal that exists in liquid form in its natural state.

• Metals are malleable. They can be beaten into thin sheets of their form. Elements such as Aluminium, Gold and Silver are often beaten up into miniature sheets for industrial purposes.

• Metals are also ductile. They can be stretched into thin wires as well. Copper wires and aluminium wires are used abundantly. Some metals may be less or more ductile compared to others.

• A very important physical property of metals is that it can conduct heat and electricity. Every metal is a good conductor of electricity. The best conductor of electricity amongst all the metals is Silver. Amongst all the metals, lead is the worst conductor of heat while iron and mercury are poor conductors of electricity.

• Metals are shiny, and hence they reflect light that is incident on the metal surface. This is one of the very reasons why metals are used to make pieces of jewellery and ornaments for women.

• Metals are lustrous, hard and healthy. An exception to this property is sodium and potassium.

Non-Metals

The number of non-metals present in the periodic table is much less in number compared to that of metals. Some common examples of non-metals are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, all the halogens and noble gases. They are electronegative and have very low specific gravity. Unlike metals, they are not lustrous, and neither do they reflect light.

Physical Properties of Non-Metals

• Non-metals are brittle and break into pieces when they are beaten.

• Non-metals are neither ductile nor malleable in nature. They cannot be broken down into thin wires.

• Non-metals are insulators, and they are poor conductors of electricity. They neither conduct heat nor electricity because they do not have a loose electron to transmit the energy.

• Non-metals can be in any form at room temperature. They are transparent.

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Solved Examples

1. Which method is the best one for preventing an iron utensil from rusting? 

• Applying grease.

• Applying paint.

• Applying a coating or zinc.

• All of the above.

Ans: Applying a coating of zinc.

2. An element of the periodic table reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. If the element is also soluble in water then, the element is likely to be

• Calcium

• Carbon

• Silicon

• Iron

Ans: The element is likely to calcium.