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JEE Important Chapter: Sets, Relations, and Functions

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What are Sets, Relations, and Functions?

In JEE Main Mathematics, Sets, Relations, and Functions are one of the most important topics as they serve as a basic building block for several other advanced concepts of Mathematics. Therefore it is a crucial chapter for students. Students can understand and solve problems based on sets, relations, and functions with the help of the solved sums, and notes PDF provided on Vedantu.

The three main concepts covered in this chapter are Functions, Sets, and Relations. Students will get a clear idea of these concepts by referring to the solutions, explanations, sets, relations, and functions notes PDF prepared by the subject matter experts at Vedantu. Also, students must learn and revise the formulas covered in this chapter thoroughly. All important concepts of this chapter will be discussed in the following sections.

Important Topics of Sets, Relations, and Functions

• Sets, roster and set builder form of sets

• Type of sets

• Subset, the proper and improper subset

• Power set, universal set, the union of sets, complement of sets

• De-morgan’s law

• Ordered pairs, cartesian product

• Relation and its types

• Number of relations

• The inverse of a function

Important Concepts of Sets, Relations, and Functions

What is Sets in Maths?

A set is a collection of well-defined elements or objects. The elements of a set are considered distinct.

A set of multiple sets is frequently called a family or collection of sets. For example, suppose we have a family of sets consisting of A1, A2, A3,….. up to An, that is the family {A1, A2, A3,….., An } and could be denoted as,

S = {Ai | i belongs to N and 1 ≤ i ≤ n}

Types of Sets

In set theory, there are different types of sets. Some of them are discussed below.

Singleton Set

This type of set contains only one element. For example, A = {3} and B = {pencil}. As both A and B contain only one element, they are singleton sets.

Empty Set/Null Set

An empty set is a set with no element. It is denoted by A = { } or A = ϕ.

Proper Subset

If A and B are two sets, then A is a proper subset of B if A ⊆ B, but A ≠ B, for Example: if B = {2, 3, 5} then A = {2, 5} is a proper subset of B.

Power Set

The power set is a collection of all subsets of that set. If A is the set, P(A) signifies the power set.

The number of elements contained by any power set can be calculated by n[P(A)] = 2n where n is the number of elements in set A.

For example, if A = {1, 2} then, P(A) = {∅, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}

Number of elements in P(A) = 22 = 4

Finite Set

A set contains a finite number of elements is called Finite Set. For example: A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = { a, v, t}, set A has 5 objects, while set B contains 3 components. So, A and B are finite set.

Infinite Set

A set is called an infinite set if the number of elements in it is infinite. For example, N = set of whole numbers = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……}

Universal Set

Any set that is a superset of all the sets being considered is called Universal set. It is commonly indicated by the letters S or U.

For example, Let P = {3, 4, 7} and Q = {1, 2, 3} then we take S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7} as the universal set.

Equal Sets

If both P and Q are subsets of each other, they are equivalent.

Mathematically: If P ⊆ Q and Q ⊆ P then P = Q.

For example, P = {3, 6, 8} and Q = {6, 3, 8}

Here P and Q have exactly the same elements. Satisfy the conditions P ⊆ Q and Q ⊆ P.

Thus P = Q.

Operations on Sets

In Set Theory, there are basically three operations applicable to two sets.

• Union of two sets

• Intersection of two sets

• Difference of two sets

What is a Relation in Maths?

A relation in maths defines the relationship between the input and output of a function.

A subset of P X Q is a relation R that connects two non-empty sets P and Q.

For example: Let P = {a, b, c} and Q = {3, 4}

Then, R = {(a, 3), (a, 4), (b, 3), (b, 4), (c, 3), (c, 4)}

R is a subset of P x Q in this case.

So, R is a relation from P to Q.

Types of Relations

Empty Relation

There is no relation between any elements of a set is an empty relation (or void relation). For example consider, if set A = {1, 2, 3} then, one of the void relations can be R = {x, y} where, |x – y| = 8. For empty relations, R = φ ⊂ A × A.

Universal Relation

A universal (or full) relation is one in which each element of a set is related to the others. Consider set A = {a, b, c}. Now one of the universal relations will be R = {x, y} where |x – y| ≥ 0. For universal relations, R = A × A.

Identity Relation

In an identity relation, every element of a set is solely related to itself only. For example, in a set A = {a, b, c}, the identity relation will be I = {a, a}, {b, b}, {c, c}. For identity relation, I = {(a, a), a $\in$ A}.

Inverse Relation

Inverse relation is seen when a set has elements that are inverse pairs of another set. For example, consider if set A = {(a, b), (c, d)}, then the inverse relation will be R-1 = {(b, a), (d, c)}. So, for an inverse relation, R-1 = {(b, a): (a, b) $\in$ R}.

Reflexive Relation

In a reflexive relation, every element maps to itself. For example, consider a set $\text{A} = \{1, 2\}$. Now an example of reflexive relation will be $\text{R} = \{(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1)\}$. The reflexive relation is given by (a, a) $\in$ R.

Symmetric Relation

In a symmetric relation if a=b is true then b=a is also true. In other words, a relation R is symmetric only if (b, a) $\in$ R is true when (a, b) $\in$ R. An example of symmetric relation will be $\text{R}\;=\;\{(1, 2), (2, 1)\}$ for a set $\text{A}\;=\;\{1, 2\}$. So, for a symmetric relation,

aRb ⇒ bRa, ∀ a, b $\in$ A

Transitive Relation

For transitive relation, if (x, y) $\in$ R, (y, z) $\in$ R, then (x, z) $\in$ R. For a transitive relation,

aRb and bRc ⇒ aRc ∀ a, b, c $\in$ A

Equivalence Relation

If a relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive at the same time it is known as an equivalence relation.

Domain, Co-Domain and Range of a Relation

Let A and B be two sets. In the domain, co-domain and range of a relation, if R be a relation from A to B then

• The domain of relation R (Dom(R) ) is the set of all those elements a$\in$A such that (a, b) $\in$ R for some b $\in$ B.

• If R is a relation from A to B, then B is the co-domain of R.

• Range of relation R is the set of all those elements b $\in$ B such that (a, b) $\in$ R for some a$\in$A.

In short: Domain = Dom(R) = {a : (a, b) $\in$ R} and Range (R) = {b : (a, b) $\in$ R}

Remember that Range is always a subset of co-domain.

Till now, we have learnt about Sets and Relations, now we will learn some important concepts related to Functions in maths.

Functions in Maths

A function is simply used to represent the dependence of one quantity on the other and is easily defined with the help of the concept of mapping. In simple words, a function is a relation that derives one output for each input.

A function from set P to set Q is a rule that assigns to each element of set P, one and only one element of set Q.

Mathematically: If f: A $\rightarrow$ B where y = f(x), x $\in$ P and y $\in$ Q here, y is the image of x under f.

Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function

A function f from a set P to a set Q, represented as f: P$\rightarrow$Q, is a mapping of elements of P (domain) to elements of Q(co-domain) in such a way that each element of P is assigned to some chosen element of Q. That is every element of P must be assigned to some element of Q and only one element of Q.

Domain:

For a function, $y\;=\;f(x)$, the set of all the values of x is called the domain of the function. It refers to the set of possible input values.

Range:

The range of $y\;=\;f(x)$ is a collection of all outputs $f(x)$ corresponding to each real number in the domain. The range is the set of all the values of $\text{y}$. It refers to the set of possible output values.

For example, consider the following relation.

{(2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7)}

Here Domain = {2, 4, 6}

Range = { 3, 5, 7}

List of Functions, Sets and Relations Formulas

 Sr.no Name of the Concept Formulae 1. If n(A) and n(B) are two fine overlapping sets: n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A⋂B) 2. If A and B are disjoint sets: n(A∪B) = n(A) + n(B) 3. If $\text{A}$, $\text{B}$ and $\text{C}$ are 3 finite sets in U then: n(A∪B∪C)= n(A) +n(B) + n(C) - n(B⋂C) - n (A⋂ B)- n (A⋂C) + n(A⋂B⋂C) 4. De Morgan's Laws: (A ∪ B)' = A' ⋂ B' and (A ⋂ B)' = A' ∪ B'

Solved Sets, Relations and Functions Examples

Example 1: Find domain, co-domain and range of a Relation pRq = p divides q. If P = {3, 5, 7} and Q = {6, 12, 5, 9}.

Solution:

P = {3, 5, 7} and Q = {6, 12, 5, 9}

Since, the relation between elements of P and Q is “p divides q”, then

R = {(3, 6), (3, 12), (3, 9), (5, 5)}

Therefore, Domain(R) = {3, 5}

Co-domain of R = Q = {6, 12, 5, 9}

And, Range = {5, 6, 9, 12}

Example 2: Let a relation R be defined by R = {(4, 5); (1, 4); (4, 6); (7, 6); (3, 7)} then R−1 o R is ________.

Solution:

First, find R−1,

$R^{−1}$ = $\{(5, 4) ; (4, 1) ; (6, 4) ; (6, 7) ; (7, 3)\}$.

Obtain the elements of R−1 o R.

Pick the element of $\text{R}$ and then of $R^(-1)$.

Since (4, 5) $\in$ R and (5, 4) $\in$ R−1, we have (4, 4) $\in$ R−1 o R

Similarly, (1, 4) $\in$ R, (4, 1) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (1, 1) $\in$ R−1 o R

(4, 6) $\in$ R, (6, 4) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (4, 4) $\in$ R−1 o R,

(4, 6) $\in$ R, (6, 7) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (4, 7) $\in$ R−1 o R

(7, 6) $\in$ R, (6, 4) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (7, 4) $\in$ R−1 o R,

(7, 6) $\in$ R, (6, 7) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (7, 7) $\in$ R−1 o R

(3, 7) $\in$ R, (7, 3) $\in$ R−1 ⇒ (3, 3) $\in$ R−1 o R,

Hence, R−1 o R = {(1, 1); (4, 4); (4, 7); (7, 4), (7, 7); (3, 3)}.

Solved Problems of Previous Year's Question Paper

Question 1: Let f, g: N→N such that f(n + 1)= f(n)+ f(1) for all n $\in$ N and g be any arbitrary function. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

1. f is one-one

2. If fog is one-one, then g is one-one

3. If g is onto, then fog is one-one

4. If f is onto, then f(n) = n for all n $\in$ N

Solution:

f(n + 1) = f(n) +f(1)

⇒ f(n + 1)- f(n)= f(1) → A.P. with common difference = f(1)

General term = Tn = f(1) + (n-1)f(1) = nf(1)

⇒f(n) = nf(1)

Clearly f(n) is one-one.

For fog to be one-one, g must be one-one.

For f to be onto, f(n) should take all the values of natural numbers.

As f(x) is increasing, f(1)=1

⇒f(n)=n

If g is many one, then fog is many one. So “if g is onto, then fog is one-one” is incorrect.

Question 2: Let R = {(P,Q)|P and Q are at the same distance from the origin} be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1,–1) is the set :

1. S = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = 1}

2. S = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = 4}

3. S = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = √2}

4. S = {(x, y)|x2 + y2 = 2}

Solution:

P(a, b) , Q(c, d), OP = OQ

a2 + b2 = c2 + d2

R(x ,y), S = (1, –1) OR = OS ( equivalence class)

x2 + y2 = 2

Question 3: Let f (x) = sin-1 x and g (x) = (x2 - x - 2) / (2x2 - x - 6). If g (2) = $\lim_{ x \to 2}$ g (x), then the domain of the function fog is:

1. (- ∞, - 2] ⋃ [- 4 / 3, ∞]

2. (- ∞, - 1] ⋃ [2, ∞)

3. (- ∞, - 2] ⋃ [- 1, ∞]

4. (- ∞, 2] ⋃ [- 3 / 2, ∞)

Solution:

g (2) = $\lim_{ x\to 2}$ [(x - 2) (x + 1)] / [(2x + 3) (x - 2)] = 3 / 7

For the domain of f (g (x))

|(x2 - x - 2) / (2x2 - x - 6)| ≤ 1 [because of f (x) is [- 1, 1])

(x + 1)2 ≤ (2x +3)2

3x2 + 10x + 8 ≥ 0

(3x + 4) (x + 2) ≥ 0

x belongs to (- ∞, - 2] ⋃ [- 4 / 3, ∞]

Practise Problems

1. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a relation R  defined from set A to set B. Then R  is equal to set:

1. A

2. B

3. $B\;\times\;A$

4. $A\;\times\;B$

2. In a class of 100 students, 55 students have passed in Mathematics and 67 students have passed in Physics. Then the number of students who have passed in Physics only is

1. 33

2. 25

3. 45

4. 10

Answers: 1 - D, 2 - C

Conclusion

Now, you will be able to answer questions about Sets, Relations, and Functions, as well as questions that ask you to use all three concepts at once. Because sets, relations, and functions are foundational concepts in calculus and a foundational concepts in many other chapters, they will aid in your understanding of many other chapters.

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27th June 2022 - physics
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27th June 2022 - chemistry
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28th June 2022 - general
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28th June 2022 - general
English  •   Shift 1
28th June 2022 - mathematics
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28th June 2022 - physics
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28th June 2022 - chemistry
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28th June 2022 - general
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28th June 2022 - mathematics
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28th June 2022 - physics
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28th June 2022 - chemistry
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July
24th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
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24th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
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24th July 2022 - mathematics
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24th July 2022 - physics
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24th July 2022 - chemistry
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24th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
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24th July 2022 - mathematics
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24th July 2022 - physics
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24th July 2022 - chemistry
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25th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1, 2
25th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
25th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 1
25th July 2022 - physics
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25th July 2022 - chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
25th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 2
25th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 2
25th July 2022 - physics
English  •   Shift 2
25th July 2022 - chemistry
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26th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1, 2
26th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
26th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 1
26th July 2022 - physics
English  •   Shift 1
26th July 2022 - chemistry
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26th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 2
26th July 2022 - mathematics
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26th July 2022 - physics
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26th July 2022 - chemistry
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27th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1, 2
27th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
27th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 1
27th July 2022 - physics
English  •   Shift 1
27th July 2022 - chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
27th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 2
27th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 2
27th July 2022 - physics
English  •   Shift 2
27th July 2022 - chemistry
English  •   Shift 2
28th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1, 2
28th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 1
28th July 2022 - mathematics
English  •   Shift 1
28th July 2022 - physics
English  •   Shift 1
28th July 2022 - chemistry
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28th July 2022 - Maths, Physics and Chemistry
English  •   Shift 2
28th July 2022 - mathematics
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28th July 2022 - physics
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28th July 2022 - chemistry
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June, July
mathematics
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mathematics
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mathematics
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mathematics
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mathematics
English  •   Shift 1, 2
chemistry
English  •   Shift 1, 2
mathematics
English  •   Shift 1, 2

View all JEE Main Important Books
In order to prepare for JEE Main 2022, candidates should know the list of important books i.e. RD Sharma Solutions, NCERT Solutions, RS Aggarwal Solutions, HC Verma books and RS Aggarwal Solutions. They will find the high quality readymade solutions of these books on Vedantu. These books will help them in order to prepare well for the JEE Main 2022 exam so that they can grab the top rank in the all India entrance exam.
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Maths
NCERT Book for Class 12 Maths
Physics
NCERT Book for Class 12 Physics
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JEE Main Mock Tests

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JEE Main 2022 free online mock test series for exam preparation are available on the Vedantu website for free download. Practising these mock test papers of Physics, Chemistry and Maths prepared by expert teachers at Vedantu will help you to boost your confidence to face the JEE Main 2022 examination without any worries. The JEE Main test series for Physics, Chemistry and Maths that is based on the latest syllabus of JEE Main and also the Previous Year Question Papers.
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JEE MAIN MOCK TEST - 1
3 hr  • 75 questions • OBJECTIVE
JEE MAIN MOCK TEST - 3
3 hr  • 75 questions • OBJECTIVE
JEE MAIN MOCK TEST - 2
3 hr  • 75 questions • OBJECTIVE

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JEE Main 2022 Cut-Off

JEE Main Cut Off
NTA is responsible for the release of the JEE Main 2022 June and July Session cut off score. The qualifying percentile score might remain the same for different categories. According to the latest trends, the expected cut off mark for JEE Main 2022 June and July Session is 50% for general category candidates, 45% for physically challenged candidates, and 40% for candidates from reserved categories. For the general category, JEE Main qualifying marks for 2021 ranged from 87.8992241 for general-category, while for OBC/SC/ST categories, they ranged from 68.0234447 for OBC, 46.8825338 for SC and 34.6728999 for ST category.
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JEE Main 2022 Results

JEE Main 2022 June and July Session Result - NTA has announced JEE Main result on their website. To download the Scorecard for JEE Main 2022 June and July Session, visit the official website of JEE Main NTA.
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Rank List
Counselling
Cutoff
JEE Main 2022 state rank lists will be released by the state counselling committees for admissions to the 85% state quota and to all seats in NITs and CFTIs colleges. JEE Main 2022 state rank lists are based on the marks obtained in entrance exams. Candidates can check the JEE Main 2022 state rank list on the official website or on our site.

JEE Top Colleges

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Want to know which Engineering colleges in India accept the JEE Main 2022 scores for admission to Engineering? Find the list of Engineering colleges accepting JEE Main scores in India, compiled by Vedantu. There are 1622 Colleges that are accepting JEE Main. Also find more details on Fees, Ranking, Admission, and Placement.
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Counselling

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FAQs on JEE Important Chapter: Sets, Relations, and Functions

FAQ

1. What is the contribution of chapter JEE Main mathematics sets, relations, and functions?

Every year, you will only get 1 or 2 questions in JEE Main and other exams, directly (because the chapter weightage in JEE Main is only 5%), but indirectly (because the concept of this chapter will be involved in the many other chapters) you can find few more questions.

2. How difficult is chapter JEE Main mathematics sets, relations, and functions?

Some students find it difficult to understand and solve issues involving sets, relations, and functions at first. However, as you solve more and more problems from sets, relations, and functions, you will have a better understanding of the concepts. After that, the questions will seem simpler to you. Sets are a little easier to understand than relation and function; the concept of sets is easy to visualize because it can be understood with the help of a diagram (Venn diagram).

3. What are set relations?

A collection of ordered pairs comprising one object from each set constitutes a relation between two sets. If the ordered pair (x,y) is in the relation and item x is from the first set and object y is from the second set, the objects are said to be related.

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