Question

State and prove addition theorem on probability.

Answer 1

Hint- Since this is probability, so there is occurrence of events, say 2 events and this theorem involves addition of them.

 Addition theorem of probability$ - $ If $A$ and $B$ are any two events then the probability of happening of at least one of the events is defined as,
     $P\left( {A \cup B} \right) = P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) - P\left( {A \cap B} \right)$
Proof:-
 From set theory, we know that,
     $n\left( {A \cup B} \right) = n\left( A \right) + n\left( B \right) - n\left( {A \cap B} \right)$
Dividing the above equation \[n(s)\]both sides we have
     $\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}
  {\dfrac{{n\left( {A \cup B} \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} = \dfrac{{n\left( A \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} + \dfrac{{n\left( B \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}} - \dfrac{{n\left( {A \cap B} \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}}} \\
  {P\left( {A \cup B} \right) = P\left( A \right) + P\left( B \right) - P\left( {A \cap B} \right)} \\
  {\left( {\;\because \;P\left( X \right) = \dfrac{{n\left( X \right)}}{{n\left( S \right)}}} \right)}
\end{array}$
Hence proved.

NOTE: If two events $A$ and $B$ are mutually exclusive, then
\[A \cap B = \phi \](null set)
\[A \cap B = 0\]