NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 - Morphology Of Flowering Plants

1. What is meant by modification of root? What type of modification of root is found the (a) Banyan tree (b) Turnip (c) Mangrove trees 

Ans: Many plants modify their roots and cause them to perform functions other than absorption and conductivity. This can occur as a result of a change in shape or structure. The root is modified in this way. 

Plants with modified roots are described below - 

1. Banyan Tree – Banyan trees are known for their prop roots. The tree is supported by these massive roots that are pillar-like. 

2. Turnip – Turnips get their root modified so they can store food. 

3. Mangrove Trees – Mangroves and other swamp trees grow from vertical roots that grow upward from the ground. The roots of such plants help obtain oxygen for respiration by being pneumatophores. 

2. Justify the following statements on the basis of external features 

(i) Underground parts of a plant are not always root  

(ii) Flower is a modified shoot  

Ans:

(i) The stems, leaves, and even fruits of plants are modified into underground structures in order to fulfill various functions. During the storage of food the stems of ginger and bananas become swollen and underground. In botanical terms, these are  called rhizomes. Similarly, colocasia and Zamin-khand have underground stems called corms. Potato tubers are formed when the tip of the underground stem swells up from accumulation of food. Tubers have eyes that are subtended by leaf scars. Due to the accumulation of food, onions' base leaves become fleshy. Peanut flowers grow a flower stalk after fertilization, pushing the flower into the soil. During fruit and seed formation, the soil also plays a role. 

(ii) The floral meristem develops from the apical meristem during the flowering period. In the stem, the internodes are close together, while the axis is condensed. The node produces floral appendages instead of leaves. A flower is considered to be a modified shoot because it is modified. 

3. How is pinnately compound leaf different from palmately compound leaf? Ans:

Pinnately and Palmately Leaves

4. Explain with suitable examples the different types of phyllotaxy?  

Ans:  

The arrangement or pattern of leaves on a stem or branch is called Phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxy is categorized as alternate, opposite, and whorled. A single leaf emerges from the node of an alternate phyllotaxy plant. Plants such as sunflowers, mustard, and peepal exhibit phyllotaxy. Phyllotaxy, or opposite leaf growth, occurs when two leaves emerge oppositely from the node. In plants like guavas and jamuns, it is found. The leaves of whorled plants arise from a node that has three or more leaves. It can be found in Alstonia. 

Phyllotaxy in Leves

5. Define the following terms  

1. Aestivation  

2. Placentation  

3. Actinomorphic  

4. Zygomorphic  

5. Superior ovary  

6. Perigynous flower 

7. Epipetalous Stamen  

Ans:  

1. Aestivation: Aestivation describes the arrangement of sepals or petals within a flower bud relative to other members. In plants, aestivation consists of four types: valvate, twisted imbricate, and vexillary. 

Types of Aestivation in Corolla

2. Placentation: The placentation of ovules in an ovary has been commonly termed placentation. There are five basic types of interdigital structures: marginal, basal, parietal, axile, and  free central. 

Placentation(a) marginal (b) axile (c)parietal (d) free Central (e) basal

3. Actinomorphic: A radial plane passing through the center of a filamentous flower can divide it in two. Chilli and mustard are examples of these flowers.  

Actinomorphic Flower

4. Zomorphic: These flowers share a common vertical axis that divides them into two similar halves. In other words zygomorphic flowers have bilateral symmetry.  Peas and beans are examples. 

Zygomorphic Flower

5. Superior ovary: Those flowers with the gynoecium at the top and other floral parts below are referred to as superior ovary flowers. It is called hypogynous when it has this arrangement. Brindal and mustard are two examples. 

Superior Ovary

6. Perigynous flower: The thalamus of perigynous flowers forms a cup-shaped structure, and floral parts grow from the cup's rim. A condition where the ovary is in half superior, half inferior, is described as this. Plums and roses are examples of this.  

Perigynous Flower

7. Epipetalous Stamen: Stamen with petals attached to them. Brinjal is a good source of them.

Epipetalous Flower

6. Differentiate between 

(i) Racemose and cymose inflorescence  

(ii) Fibrous roots and adventitious roots 

(iii) Apocarpous and syncarpous ovary  

Ans:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

7. Draw the labeled diagram of the following (i) Gram seed (ii) V.S. of maize seed

Ans:

Gram Seed

V.S. of Maize seed

8. Describe modifications of stem with suitable examples  

Ans: Numerous plants have undergone modifications that affect the way their stems function.  Underground stems or storage stems:  

A rhizome, corm, or tuber is an example of a tuber 

Rhizomes are underground stems of ginger and banana. Colocasia (arvi) refers to the underground stem. Rhizomes and corms of underground shrubs store food. Moreover, the stems facilitate vegetative reproduction. Potatoes serve as both a food storage plant as well as a guardian plant. These axel-like buds develop into new plants when they are covered with leaves. Supportive stems  Tendril, for instance  

Tendrils are thin, spirally-coiled structures found on the stems of some weak plants that help them mount nearby supports. In the family of cucurbitaceae, cucumbers, melons, and others have tendrils 

Protective Stems:  

Thorns, for example  Bougainvilleas and citrus plants (like lemons and oranges) have pointed stems known as thorns, which protect the plant from herbivores.  

Photosynthetic Stems:  

Opuntia, for instance  Opuntias have green stems. In the absence of leaves, it performs photosynthesis.  

Modifications to Other Stems:  

Plants like grasses have underground stems that help them grow in the soil.  Runners are stems like these.  

Plants of some aquatic families (such as Eichhornia) have short lateral stems called offsets that bear roots and produce new plants. 

9. Take one flower each of the families Fabaceae and Solanaceae and write its semi – technical description. Also draw their floral diagrams after studying them.  

Ans:

1. Family Fabaceae/Papilionaceae (pea plant):  

The Leguminoseae family includes the subfamily Fabaceae/Papilionaceae. 

Vegetative Features:  

Pinnately compound leaves with leaf tendrils along folacious stipules. The pulvinus is located at the base of the leaves. 

The root system is composed of tap roots and root nodules.  

Floral Features: Inflorescence: Racemose, generally axial seldom terminal  

Aestivation is imbricate, while the calyx has five gamosepalous sepals.  

Corolla: Polypetalous (5 petals), with an aestivated vexillary edge.

 Androecium: The 10 anthers have diedelphous and dithecous lobes.  

Gynoecium: A unilocular superior ovary with a monocarpellary ovary within. 

 Fruit: A bean pod not containing endosperm.  

Floral Formula:  

Floral Formula

Floral Diagram of Papilionaceae family

Economic Importance: Peas are used as vegetables for making various culinary preparations. 

2. Flowers of Solanum Nigrum  

Family Solanaceae  

Vegetative Features:  

Habit: A herbaceous, upright plant  

The leaves are simple, exstipulate, and reticulately venous  

Stem: A tall, branched stem.  

Floral Features: Inflorescence: axillary and solitary  

Flowers: Sexually dimorphic actinomorphic flowers  

Calyx: The calyx consists of five sepals that are united and persistent. Aestivation is a valvate.  

Corolla: The corolla has five petals united by a valvate aestivation. 

 Androecium: The epipetalous stamens of the anthoeciums.  

Gynoecium: It is composed of a bicarpellary syncarpous superior ovary with an axile placentation. 

 Fruits: Berry  

Seeds: Numerous, endospermous  

Floral Diagram of Family Papilionaceae

Floral Formula:  

Floral diagram of family Solanaceae

Economic Importance: Used for medicinal Purposes. 

10. Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants. 

Ans:  An ovary's platentation refers to the position of the ovules. It is categorized into five basic categories.

1. Marginal placentation:  

A marginal placenta develops along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are formed in two rows to separate the placenta from the ovules. The placentation of peas is of this type. 

2. Parietal Placentation

The ovary is said to have parietal placentation when the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary.

Parietal Placentation

3. Axile Placentation

Axial placentation is characterized by an axial placenta attached to ovules. Tomatoes, lemons, and china roses are examples. 

Axile Placentation

4. Basal Placentation

Having basal placentation is when the placenta grows from the base of the ovary and an ovule is found attached to it. Marigold and sunflower are a few examples.  

Basal Placentation

5. Placentation in the center. Placentation without septa is characterized by ovules developing on the center axis while septa are absent. This type of placentation is common in Dianthus and primrose. 

Central Placentation

11. What is a flower Describe the parts of a typical angiosperm flower?  

Ans: Flowering plants (angiosperms) have flowers as their reproductive unit. Angiosperms reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers are usually modified stems with condensed axes. There are four concentric lobes on a flower. Calyxes, corollas, androeciums, and gynoeciums make up the four whorls of the flower, from outside to inside. On flowers, the androecium represents the male reproductive whorl and the gynoecium represents the female reproductive whorl. An example of a bisexual flower is one with both androecium and gynoecium, while a unisexual flower only has gynoecium. There is usually a distinct corolla and calyx, but they can  be fused (called perianth). All four parts of a flower are known as a complete flower.  

Parts of a Flower

1. Calyx: The calyx is made up of sepals in the outer whorl of the flower. At the buds stage, they serve as a protective covering. An open flower's sepals are known as polysepalous, whereas flowers with fusions of sepals are known as gamosepalous. In addition to being photosynthetic, sepals are also green in color. 

2. Corolla: The flower whorl is the part of the flower that lies toward the inner side of the calyx. Individual petals of the corolla are brightly colored and help attract insects for pollination. The condition in which the petals are fused is called gamosepalous, and the condition with free petals is known as polypetalous.  

3. An androecium or stamen is a yellow or red shaped male reproductive organ. A filament and a bilobed anther constitute the filament. Anthers bilobeds produce pollen grain and undergo meiosis. One connective connects the two anther lobes. 

4. The gynoecium represents the female reproductive branch of a flower. A female ovary is present in the body. An ovary is connected to the stigma via a long tube (called a style). Numerous ovules form an attachment to the placenta at the ovary. 

12. How do the various leaf modification help plants?  

Ans: Leaf leaves are primarily responsible for photosynthesis. Some plants, however, have modified leaves that can perform other functions, such as storing water. The following is a list of various leaf modifications. 

1. Tendrils: Peas have modified leaves into tendrils that allow them to climb.

2. Spines: Cacti contain sharp spines on their leaves as a defense mechanism.

3. Phyllode: Some species of Australian acacia produce short-lived leaves that are replaced by flattened, flattened green structures known as phyllodes on top of the petiole. They synthesize food with the petioles of their leaves. 

4. Pitcher: The pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana) has modified leaves that resemble pitchers and contain digestive juices that trap and digest insects.

13. Define the term inflorescence. Explain the basis for the different types of inflorescence in flowering plants. 

Ans: Floral inflorescences are arranged along a floral axis. Vegetative apexes of stems are transformed into floral meristems during the blooming season. A racemose or cymose inflorescence is classified based on whether or not the floral axis continues. Racemose inflorescences have a growing floral axis that produces side-by-side flowers. Unlike cymose inflorescences, cymose inflorescences end in a flower. It therefore has a limited growth potential. 

Racemose and Cymose Inflorescence

14.Write the floral formula of an actinomorphic bisexual, hypogynous flower with five united  sepals, five free petals. Five free stamens and two united carpals with superior ovary and axile  placentation.  

Ans: In floral terms, the described flower has the following formula:  

The symbol of an actinomorphic flower is 

Bisexual flowers are characterized by  

As the calyx consists of five united sepals, it can be expressed as K5 

A free petal is represented by C5 in the corolla 

There are five stamens free on the androecium and the A5 represents those stamens 

In the gynoecium, there are two joined carpels with axile placentation, which can be characterized as G2. 

15. Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on thalamus?

Ans: A flower is described as hypognous, perigynous, or epigynous depending on the position of its calyx, corolla and androecium (relative to the ovary). Hypogynous flowers possess an ovary positioned at the top of the thalamus while other floral parts sit below. The ovary is located on the rim of the thalamus in perigynous flowers, while in China roses, mustards, etc., the ovary is situated toward the middle. Plum, rose, peach, etc., are examples of ovary half inferiors. The thalamus surrounds the ovary in epigynous flowers and forms a fusion with its wall. Above the ovary, there is another group of floral parts. In flowers of guava and cucumber, the ovary is considered inferior. 

Hypogonous, Perigynous and Epigynous Flower

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 - Morphology of Flowering Plants

The chapter Class 10th Maths Chapter 15 Exercise 15.1 covers the following topics:

5.1 The Root 

5.2 The Stem 

5.3 The Leaf 

5.4 The Inflorescence 

5.5 The Flower 

5.6 The Fruit 

5.7 The Seed 

5.8 Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant 

5.9 Description of Some Important Families

Introduction

Morphology Of Flowering Plants Class 11 NCERT begins with a foreword about the variety of structures in higher plants. It is mentioned that even in the diversity the angiosperms have some common characteristics that include the presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The segment stresses the importance of knowing the standard technical terms and standard definitions for classifying and understanding higher plants. It also stresses the significance of learning the variations in different parts of plants found as adaptations of the plants to the environment. It gives the example of adaptations to different habitats, for protection, for climbing, storage and the like. It then describes the weed, which when pulled out is seen to have roots, stems, and leaves, and might be bearing flowers and fruits. It is mentioned that the part under the ground of a flowering plant is known as the root system and the portion above the ground is called the shoot system.

The Root

It is mentioned that in most the dicotyledonous plants, the radical elongates to form the primary root that grows into the soil. The primary root then gives out lateral roots of several orders, which are referred to as secondary roots, tertiary roots and the like. It is explained that the primary roots and its branches make up the tap root system, for instance, the mustard plant. It is mentioned that the primary root in monocotyledonous plants does not live long and gets replaced by a large number of roots. These bunches of roots derive from the base of the stem and comprise the fibrous root system. The wheat plant is cited as an example. It is mentioned here that in some plants the root arises from some part of the plant body other than the radicle. Such roots are known as adventitious roots. Plants like grass, Monstera, and the banyan are given as examples. It is explained that the main functions of the root system include anchorage, absorption of water and minerals from the soil, storage of reserve food materials and production of regulators of plant growth.

Regions of the Root 

The various regions of the root are described in this segment. It starts with the root cap, which is a thimble-like structure that covers the tip of the root. The function of it is to protect the tender apex from mechanical friction as it grows through the soil. A little way above the root cap, the zone of meristematic activity is present where the cells are very small, thin-walled and have dense protoplasm. The cells here are dividing continuously. It is mentioned that the cells beside this region elongate and enlarge fast and cause the growth in length of the root. This area is known as the zone of elongation. Gradually the elongated cells differentiate and mature. Therefore, this region is called the region of maturation. The epidermal cells from this region give rise to very fine, delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. The function of these root hairs is to soak up water and minerals from the soil. 

Modifications of Root

This segment discusses the modifications in root structure and function. To perform special functions other than the standard absorption and conduction of water and minerals the roots in some plants alter their shape and structure. The changes occur for giving the plant support, for storing food and to help in respiration. Examples given are the taproots of carrot and adventitious roots of sweet potato that become swollen and store food. The prop roots that hang from the branches of banyan trees are mentioned, and it is explained that they give support to the tree. Stilt roots that come out from the lower nodes of the stems of maize and sugarcane and give support to the plants are mentioned. The pneumatophores are also discussed. Those breathing roots come out of the ground and extend vertically upwards in plants like Rhizophora growing in marshy lands. 

The Stem 

The next section describes the features that distinguish the stem from the root. The stem is first defined as the axis that bears branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The shoot grows from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed. Nodes and internodes borne on the stem are described, nodes being the regions on the stem from which leaves arise. The part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is described as the internode. Buds arise on stems, which may be terminal or axillary. It is mentioned that young stems are usually green while on maturity they become dark brown in color and woody in nature. The function of the stem is mentioned as spreading branches bearing leaves, flowers, and fruits. It is also responsible for conducting water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis. It is also mentioned that some stems carry out the function of storing food, give support to the plant, protect it and help in vegetative propagation. 

Modifications of Stem 

To perform specialized functions the appearance of the stems often gets modified, this feature of stems is covered in this section. Modifications to store food occur in stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, Colocasia and the like. It is mentioned that stems also act as organs of perennation, that is, survival in conditions not suited for growth. Gourds like cucumbers, pumpkins, and watermelons as well as grapevines are cited as examples. It is stated how axillary buds of stems get changed into woody, straight, sharp thorns to protect plants from animals that eat them as food, as happens in plants like Citrus, Bougainvillea. In dry regions, the stems get flattened, as in Opuntia, or become fleshy and cylindrical structures, as it happens in Euphorbia. In these cases, the stems bear chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. Next, underground modifications of plants are discussed. Formation of lateral branches in mint and jasmine is described. In this case, lean and trim lateral branches come out from the base of the main axis and after growing in the air for some time, come down and touch the ground. In aquatic plants, Pistia and Eichhornia, a lateral branch with short nodes and each node carrying a rosette of leaves and tuft of roots are formed. In banana, pineapple, and Chrysanthemum, the lateral branches come out from the underground part at the base of the main stem, grow below the soil in a horizontal manner and finally come out and grow obliquely in the air, producing leafy shoots.

The Leaf 

This section deals with details about the leaf of plants. The leaf is described as the lateral, generally flattened structure that the stem bears. They are described as the most significant vegetative part of photosynthesis. It rises from the node of the stem and contains a bud in its axil. It is mentioned that this bud later grows into a branch. Acropetal arrangement of leaves is then discussed along with the main parts of the leaf, the leaf base, the petiole, and the lamina. The structure and function of each are then talked about in detail. The presence of stipules is mentioned. Expansion of leaf base into sheaths in monocotyledons is touched upon and a swollen leaf base or the pulvinus in leguminous plants is mentioned. Long thin flexible structure and function of petioles in helping leaves flutter in the air, which allows fresh air to touch the leaf surface and cools it. Veins and veinlets, along with midrib, are mentioned. Then the function of veins in providing rigidity to the leaf as well as in the transport of minerals, water, and food materials is discussed. It is also clarified that the shape, leaf margin, apex surface and extent of incision of the leaf blade differs with the type of leaves. 

Venation 

This section defines venation as the arrangement of veins and veinlets in the blade of the leaf. Different types of venation, like reticulate, formed by the veinlets forming a network, and parallel venation, formed veins run parallel to each other within the lamina, are described. It is mentioned that leaves of dicotyledons usually have reticulate while those of monocotyledons generally bear parallel venation.

Types of Leaves 

Simple and compound leaves with their variations are taken up in detail in the next section. The leaf is simple when the lamina is whole or even if incisions are present, they do not reach the midrib. If the incisions of the leaf blade touch the midrib, leading to the formation of a number of leaflets, such a leaf is called a compound leaf. The difference between leaf and leaflets is that a bud is present at the axil of leaves, whether simple or compound, but not at the axil of leaflets. Pinnately compound and palmately compound leaves are then described exhaustively. The pinnately compound leaf carries the leaflets on a common axis known as the rachis that represents the midrib. Neem is the example given. The leaflets of palmately compound leaves are fixed at a common point, which is the tip of the petiole, for instance, silk cotton.

Phyllotaxy 

This section defines Phyllotaxy, which is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. Three types of phyllotaxy are mentioned here, that include alternate, opposite and whorled. The details of each type are given. It is mentioned that an alternate type of phyllotaxy, a single leaf comes out at every node alternately, the examples given are China rose, mustard and sunflower plants. Opposite phyllotaxy is described as a pair of leaves arising at each node and lies opposite to each other and examples cited are Calotropis and guava plants. When more than two leaves form a whorl at the node, it is known as whorled phyllotaxy, such as present in Alstonia. 

Modifications of Leaves

Other than the main function of the leaves, which is photosynthesis, leaves often get transformed to carry out other functions. It is mentioned here that leaves get converted into tendrils for climbing, like in pea, or into spines for defense as happens in cacti. In onions and garlic, leaves turn fleshy and store food. The Australian acacia is mentioned to have small, short-lived leaves. In these plants, the petioles expand, turn green and carry out photosynthesis. This section also talks about insectivorous plants like Pitcher plant, Venus-fly-trap whose leaves are modified and help in trapping insects. 

The Inflorescence 

This section talks about the arrangement of flowers in plants. A flower is defined here as an altered shoot in which the shoot apical meristem modifies to floral meristem. The internodes stop getting long and the axis gets reduced. In place of leaves, the apex turns out diverse kinds of floral adjuncts in a lateral manner at consecutive nodes as a replacement for leaves. It is mentioned that when a shoot tip converts into a flower, it is at all times solitary. Then this section describes the inflorescence as the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. Based on whether the apex gets transformed into a flower or keeps growing, this section defines two main types of inflorescence, the racemose and the cymose. The main axis keeps growing in the racemose type of inflorescence, the flowers grow laterally in an arrangement called the acropetal succession. In the cymose type of inflorescence the main axis ends in a flower, thus shows incomplete growth. It bears the flowers in a basipetal order. 

The Flower 

This segment mentions flowers as the reproductive component in the angiosperms. The main function of it is mentioned as sexual reproduction. This section describes the detailed structure of a typical flower. It has four different types of whorls arranged sequentially on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel. It is known as the thalamus or receptacle. These whorls are calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. While calyx and corolla are accessory organs, androecium and gynoecium are the main reproductive units. This section also mentions the perianth, which is formed by fused calyx and corolla as in the lily. The flower that contains both androecium and gynoecium, it is termed bisexual. When a flower has either only stamens or only carpels, it is unisexual. The terms like radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry are clarified. The flower with radial symmetry is actinomorphic while that with bilateral symmetry is zygomorphic. The concepts are discussed in detail, actinomorphic being a flower that can be divided into two equal radial halves, while the flower that can be divided into two similar halves only along one particular vertical plane is known as zygomorphic. Mustard, datura, chili are given as examples of the first type, and pea Gulmohar, bean and the like are instances of the second type. This section mentions asymmetric or irregular flowers as those that cannot be sectioned into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through its center, such as the canna. When the floral appendages are multiples of 3, 4 or 5, the flowers are known as trimerous, tetramerous and pentamerous respectively. Concepts of bracts are also discussed. Flowers with reduced lead found at the base of the pedicel, called bracts, are known as bracteates while those without bracts are called ebracteate.

The concepts of hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous flowers are then discussed in detail. These are the types of flowers based on the position of calyx, corolla, and androecium with respect to the ovary. Then this section gives an idea about superior ovary and an inferior ovary. 

Parts of a Flower 

The next section deals with the four whorls of the flower, calyx, corolla, androecium, and the gynoecium. Each part is described in this section. It is clarified that the calyx is the outermost part and its members are the sepals. The concepts of gamosepalous and polysepalous are discussed. Then the corolla is described. This part consists of the petals. It is mentioned that the petals are brightly colored to attract insects for pollination. When the petals are united, the flower is gamopetalous and when they are free, they are polypetalous. The shape of the corolla can be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped. The concept of aestivation is given next. It is the mode of arrangement of sepals and petals with respect to the other members of the same whorl. The different types of aestivation, namely valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary are discussed. It is mentioned that when sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another without overlapping the flower is valvate, such as Calotropis. When one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one successively, it is called twisted, as in china rose, lady’s finger and cotton. If the margins overlap but not in any definite direction, like in Cassia and Gulmohar, it is called imbricate aestivation. Vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation is also discussed. 

Androecium

In the next subsection the male part of the flower, the androecium is covered. It contains stamens. The structure of each stamen is mentioned to have a stalk or a filament and an anther. The pollen sacs in the anther that produce the pollen grains are also described. A staminode is mentioned as a stamen that is sterile. It is also mentioned that the stamens of a flower might be united with each other or with other parts of the flower. With respect to the part with which the stamen is fused, they can be epipetalous, when united with petals, like brinjal, or epiphyllous, when attached to the perianth, like in lily. Free stamens are called polyandrous, when united into one bundle they are monadelphous as in china rose, or two bundles called diadelphous as in pea, or into more than two bundles, which is known as polyadelphous like in citrus. The lengths of the filaments are mentioned to vary in some flowers like the Salvia and mustard.

Gynoecium 

Next, comes the Gynoecium that is the female reproductive unit of the flower and consists of one or more carpels. The parts of the carpel are mentioned as stigma, style, and ovary. The distended basal part of the ovary, on top of which rises the long tube called the style, which joins the stigma to the ovary. The stigma present at the tip of the ovary receives the pollen grains. The ovules are borne on the ovary and are attached to the flattened, cushion-like placenta. The concepts of apocarpous and syncarpous are discussed. When the flower contains more than one carpel and they are free, like in lotus and rose, they are apocarpous. When the carpels are fused, they are known as syncarpous, like in mustard and tomato. When fertilization occurs, the ovary gets matured into fruit and the ovules become seeds. 

Placentation

This term refers to the arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation. The different types of placentation are marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central and free central. The different types are discussed in detail along with examples. 

The Fruit 

It is mentioned that the fruit is a trait of the flowering plants. The mature ovary is termed as the fruit. It is formed after fertilization. If no fertilization occurs before the formation of fruit, it is known as a parthenocarpic fruit. The parts of fruit include a wall called pericarp and the seeds. The parts of a thick fleshy pericarp are mentioned as the outer epicarp, middle mesocarp, and the inner endocarp. The concept of a drupe is brought forward and the examples of mango and coconut are given. It is mentioned that the drupes develop from the monocarpellary superior ovaries and bear only one seed.

The Seed 

Seeds are formed from the ovules after fertilization. The parts of the seed are discussed in this section and those include a seed coat and an embryo. The embryo contains a radical, an embryonal axis and one cotyledon as in wheat and maize, or two cotyledons, as in gram and pea. 

Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed 

This section is a detailed description of the type of seed that is known as dicotyledonous. First, the structure of the seed coat, the outer covering of the seed is discussed. it is mentioned that the seed coat has two layers, testa and tegmen, and has the hilum which is a scar on the seed coat where the developing seeds were connected with the fruit. A pore is present above the hilum and is known as the micropyle. Within the seed coat lies the embryo, which consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons. It is mentioned that the cotyledons are frequently fleshy and are rich in reserve food materials. The radicle and plumule are located at either end of the embryonal axis. The concept of endosperm formed due to double-fertilization is provided. It is mentioned as a food storing tissue and examples of plants having it are given as castor. Non-Endospermous seeds are those seeds like that of a pea, gram, and bean which do not contain the endosperm in the mature stage. 

Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed 

This section deals with the characteristics of the seeds containing only one cotyledon. It is mentioned here that mostly, monocotyledonous seeds have endosperm but I some cases like in orchids are the seeds are non-endospermic. Membranous seed coats in cereals like maize remain fused with the fruit wall. In the seeds of cereals such as maize, the seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall. Here the bulky endosperm stores food. The aleurone layer is mentioned as the proteinaceous layer that separates the embryo by the outer covering of the endosperm. The endosperm is described here as small and containing one large cotyledon in the shape of a shield that is known as scutellum and bears a short axis with a plumule and radicle. The coleoptile is a sheath that encloses the plumule while the coleorhiza encloses the radicle.

Semi-Technical Description Of A Typical Flowering Plant 

This segment deals with the different morphological characters that are utilized to depict a flowering plant. The features of the description are mentioned as brief, made in a simple and scientific language and presented in a proper sequence. At the start, the plant is described with its habit, then the vegetative characters like roots, stem, and leaves are described and finally, the floral characters’ inflorescence and flower parts are detailed. After the description is complete, it is the norm to present a floral diagram and a floral formula, which is represented by some symbols. The symbols for bracteates, calyx, corolla, perianth, androecium, gynoecium, superior ovary, inferior ovary, for male, for female, for bisexual plants, for actinomorphic and for zygomorphic nature of flower are then detailed. It is mentioned that fusion is specified by enclosing the figure within the bracket and a line drawn above the symbols of the floral parts represents adhesion. The significance of the floral diagram is also discussed. It provides data relating to the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with each other. The details about the floral formula representation are then provided in this section.

Description of Some Important Families 

The vegetative and floral characters and economic importance of three families of plants are described in detail in this final section of Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology Of Flowering Plants. The families are Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae. 

Significance of Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions

This chapter elaborately discusses the different topics related to the botanical structures of a flowering plant. Let us check the significant highlights of Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions:

• Students will come to know about the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of these plants in detail. 

• To grab hold of these concepts, students will have to study the chapter properly and proceed to solve the exercise questions.

• These questions in the exercises have been compiled with the prime motive to deliver an assessment platform for the students to check their preparation level. 

• They can evaluate their conceptual foundation and knowledge of such topics by answering these questions. Hence, using the NCERT solutions for this chapter will be a boon for the preparation.

• The questions also suggest the typical formats that the CBSE board follows while compiling exam papers. 

• They will come to know the question patterns and will learn to formulate answers accordingly. 

• To assist students in this process, the solutions have been framed in a simpler version. 

• The easier comprehension of the topics from the solutions will aid students to learn the skills of using the concepts to frame answers for fundamental questions.

Advantages of Class 11 Biology Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions

• The solutions have been formulated in a precise manner to form an organised file. The organised format will enable students to find the right answers to the exercise questions in no time.

• The study sessions for this chapter will turn out to be very productive with the aid of these solutions. You can use your time in an efficient way and complete preparing this chapter faster by using the solutions.

• Resolve doubts related to the chapter exercises faster on your own by referring to the solutions created by the experts. Find the correct answers to your queries and proceed with your chapter preparation.

• Follow the answering formats for such questions and practice. This is how you can escalate your answering skills and score more in the exams.

Download Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions PDF

Preparing Class 11 Biology Chapter 5 Morphology of Flowering Plants has never been easier. The solutions of the exercises will help you to understand how to mould the concepts learned to formulate correct answers and stay ahead of the competition.

About Vedantu

• Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT Solutions from Vedantu includes complete solutions with in-depth explanations to end-of-chapter questions.

• Vedantu has an exceptional history in helping pupils turn out extraordinary results in assessments every year.

• Vedantu brings various services to take the anxiety out of learning.

• It is crucial to practice as many exercise problems on a particular subject to master the concepts of Biology.

• Vedantu provides one-on-one private tutoring by mentors who are well informed and trained to help clear the doubts of students.

• Vedantu provides micro-courses as well as full-year classes to accommodate the needs of different students.

• Learning materials like previous years solved questions, mock tests, and sample papers are offered by Vedantu to help students master the topics and secure good marks in examinations.

• Chapter 5 Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions by Vedantu provides accurate and comprehensive answers to every one of the end-of-chapter questions in the NCERT books.

• The experts specializing in Class 11 Biology prepare Vedantu's solution manuals with utmost care and precision.

• Vedantu's study materials are helpful for scoring good marks.

• CBSE board stipulates studying the NCERT textbooks as the standard reference for board examinations.

• The questions at the end of each lesson in the NCERT textbooks are important from an examination point of view.

• Students can score outstanding marks if they understand how to answer those questions correctly.

• Clear solutions to the questions can help students solve home assignments without any hassle.

• Students can download Biology Class 11 Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions from Vedantu and learn the solutions to the problems at the end of the chapter to advance in examinations right away.