What is Sugar Alcohol?
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Sugar alcohols are organic compounds which are derived from the sweet tasting soluble carbohydrates and contain one -OH group attached to each carbon atom of the molecule. Sugar alcohols are white, water soluble solid compounds. They can occur naturally and can be synthesized by various methods at industrial level.
On consumption, sugar alcohol gives a sweet taste and contributes fewer calories than other sugars. That is why they are extensively used in the food industry. You will be surprised to know that nowadays, most of the candies available in the market do not contain sugars due to health concerns and increasing obesity problem among children. Instead, they are composed of sugar alcohols.
Sugar alcohols come under the class polyols as they contain many hydroxyl groups.
Examples of Sugar Alcohols
Erythritol, Xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol are common examples of sugar alcohols. They are 60-70% as sweet as general sugar but give lesser calories than sugars.
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General Chemical Structure of Sugar Alcohols
They have following general chemical formula – HOCH2(CHOH)nCH2OH
As you can see in the general formula of sugar alcohols that sugars have two fewer hydrogen atoms than sugar alcohols. As sugar alcohols are derived from pentose or hexose sugars so they have 5-6 carbon atoms in the chain and as discussed above they have one hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom. Sugar alcohols generally are not found in cyclic structures. Although on dehydration sugar alcohols give cyclic ethers.
Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols
Sugar alcohols can be obtained naturally and can be synthesized as well. For example, erythritol is sugar alcohol and can be obtained by the fermentation of glucose and sucrose sugars. While mannitol is produced by hydrogenation of sugars in presence of spongy nickel catalyst. Sorbitol sugar alcohol is also produced as mannitol.
HOCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO + H2 → HOCH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CH(OH)CHHOH
You can see in the above reaction that sugar contains two hydrogen atoms less than sugar alcohols.
Characteristics of Sugar Alcohols
Sugar Alcohols Show Following Characteristics –
They are not as sweet as general sugars and do not contain as many calories as sugars.
Their metabolism is not possible by oral bacteria.
They do not turn brown in color on heating like general sugars.
Dissolution of sugar alcohols is an endothermic reaction.
They give a cooling sensation on consumption.
They do not completely get absorbed into the bloodstream. Their rate of absorption is 50% slower than sugars.
Health Effects of Sugar Alcohols
Sugar alcohols give many advantages over general sugars. They are replacing sugars in the food due to their low calories and sweet taste. Sugars cause tooth decay while sugar alcohols do not contribute to tooth decay as they cannot be metabolized by oral bacteria. Even xylitol sugar alcohol prevents tooth decay.
They are absorbed at a lower rate than sugars in the bloodstream. So, they are perfect for diabetic patients. As they have less impact on blood sugar level. Many sweet food items which are prepared for diabetic patients use sugar alcohols as sweeteners. Although unabsorbed sugar alcohols may cause diarrhoea and vomiting, when consumed in insufficient quantities. It happens due to osmotic effects.
Uses of Sugar Alcohols
Sugar alcohols are widely used in many industries such as food and pharmaceuticals etc. Few of its uses are listed below –
They are widely used as food additives. As they are sweet in taste and generate less calories.
They are used to reduce the aftertaste of many sweeteners.
They do not cause tooth decay and help in prevention of tooth decay.
They are widely used by diabetic patients in their sweet food items.
Their glycaemic index or GI is low, so they help in maintaining the blood sugar level.
Many studies on rats show that xylitol can prevent osteoporosis. As it increases bone volume and mineral content.
Xylitol can increase collagen production so it can help to make you skin healthy.
Various sugar alcohols are being used in baked food items, candies, chewable vitamins, cough syrups, frostings, ice creams, mouthwashes, toothpastes etc.
They are used in the medicines related to eight management.
This ends our coverage on the topic “Sugar alcohols”. We hope you enjoyed learning and were able to grasp the concepts. We hope after reading this article you will be able to solve problems based on the topic. If you are looking for solutions of NCERT Textbook problems based on this topic, then log on to Vedantu website or download Vedantu Learning App. By doing so, you will be able to access free PDFs of NCERT Solutions as well as Revision notes, Mock Tests and much more.
FAQs on Sugar Alcohol
1. What is sugar alcohol?
Polyols are chemicals used as bulking agents and sweeteners. They are also known as sugar alcohols. Through the hydrogenation of sugars, they are white, water-soluble solids that can be produced both artificially and naturally. Several of them are naturally present in some fruits and vegetables, while others are synthetic and added to processed foods. They have fewer calories and don't cause the same health problems as normal sugar, like tooth decay and sharply elevated blood sugar levels.
For more information, refer to https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/sugar-alcohol
2. What are the benefits of sugar alcohol?
They have fewer calories per serving than conventional sugar when used as a sugar replacement. This is due to the fact that they don't induce a sharp rise in blood sugar, require little to no insulin to be processed, and convert to glucose more gradually. Sugar alcohols are utilized in sugar-free gum and mouthwash since they are less caloric and don't promote cavities.
For more information, refer to https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/sugar-alcohol
3. Does sugar alcohol have side effects?
When sugar alcohols are used in excess, bloating and diarrhea are the most frequent negative effects. Although xylitol is easily tolerated by people, dogs are extremely poisonous to it. Additionally, sorbitol and mannitol are two examples of sugar alcohols that are thought to be fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols. Some people may get gastrointestinal adverse effects from these kinds of carbs since their intestines can't digest them efficiently.
4. Which sugar alcohol is best?
Erythritol is often regarded as the most secure and user-friendly sugar alcohol. The simplest to digest is erythritol, which can be absorbed up to 90% by the small intestine before it can get into the colon and upset the digestive system. It can be used in baking since it is heat stable, and because it is a white powder, people can comprehend it when it is substituted for sugar.
5. Is sugar alcohol important for board exams?
Yes. Here are the key questions and solutions for Chapter 11 on Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers in Class 12 Chemistry. These significant queries relate to the most recent Class 12 Chemistry syllabus and are based on the CBSE board curriculum. Students may swiftly review all of the concepts discussed in the chapter and get ready for the Class 12 Annual Examinations as well as other entrance exams like NEET and JEE by practicing these crucial Class 12 questions.
For more information, refer to https://www.vedantu.com/cbse/important-questions-class-10-science-chapter-4