Introduction to Molecularity of Reaction
Chemical reaction involves one or more than one molecule. A single-step reaction which takes place in one single step is called an elementary reaction. While the chemical reaction that involves a series of two or more steps is called a complex or complicated reaction. In the complicated reaction, the sequence of steps through which it takes place is called the mechanism of chemical reaction. Each sequential step in the mechanism is an elementary step reaction. During the course of chemical reaction, these molecules constantly bump into each other. Based on that, the chemical reaction takes place.
Definition
The molecularity of reaction can be defined as the number of molecules reacting with each other in the reaction. In other words, it can be defined as the number of molecules which undergo collision that ultimately result in a chemical reaction. Hence, molecularity of reaction indicates the number of molecules that takes part in the chemical reaction. The minimum number of reactants (atoms, ions, or molecules) required for the reaction to occur is called the molecularity of an elementary reaction. The molecularity of the chemical reaction is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants in the chemical equation of the reaction. It is also defined as the number of reactant molecules taking part in a single step of the reaction.
Examples:
The Simple Case of Unimolecular Reaction
In case, when there is only one molecule in the reaction, the reaction is known as unimolecular reaction and its molecularity is one. This is a case of single-step chemical reaction. In this reaction, only one molecule transforms into products. For example, degradation of dinitrogen tetroxide.
N2 O4 (g)→2 NO2 (g)
This reaction is of first order reaction as the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of dinitrogen tetroxide raised to the first power.
Another example of unimolecular reaction is:
PCl₅ → PCl₃ + Cl2
Bimolecular Reaction
In this case, there are two molecules of reactant that take part in the chemical reaction.
2 HI → H2 + I2
There are 2 molecules of hydrogen iodide that take part in this reaction, and hence, it is an example of a bimolecular reaction.
Another example of bimolecular reaction is:
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
Trimolecular Reaction
In this case, there are three molecules of reactant that take part in the chemical reaction.
2 SO2 + O2→ 2 SO3
There are 2 molecules of sulfur dioxide and one molecule of oxygen that collide and take part in the chemical reaction. Hence, it is called trimolecular reaction.
Other examples of this type are mentioned as follow:
2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2
2 FeCl3 + SnCl2 → SnCl4 + 2 FeCl2
“The molecularity of chemical reaction can also be defined as the minimum number of reacting particles (either molecules, atoms, or ions) that come closer and collide in a rate determining step to form one product or more than one product.”
Complex Example of Molecularity of Chemical Reaction
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a complex reaction and it involves more than one step. This reaction takes place in two different steps.
The overall decomposition reaction can be represented as:
H2 O2→ H2 O +½ O2
This produces a molecule of water.
This reaction can be divided into the following two steps:
Step 1: involves: H2 O2 → H2 O + O
Step 2: involves: OO+ OO → O2
From these two steps, the first step is slow whereas the second step is fast. Now, as we know, the slowest step of A complex reaction is a rate-determining step. In this case, the first step is the rate-determining step. This step involves only one molecule of hydrogen peroxide. According to the above-mentioned definition of molecularity, this reaction is an example of a unimolecular reaction.
Facts About Molecularity
The concept of molecularity of the chemical reaction is theoretical. The value of molecularity cannot be zero, negative, fractional, infinite, and imaginary. So, it can only be a positive integer.
The value of molecularity cannot be greater than 3 as more than three molecules may not mutually collide or come closer during the course of the chemical reaction. There are several examples of chemical reactions whose molecularity seems to be more than three from the stoichiometric equations. Examples of these reactions are:
Reaction between hydrogen bromide and oxygen
This reaction can be written as:
4 HBr → 2 H2O + 2 Br2(in presence of oxygen)
At the first attempt, the molecularity of this reaction seems to be five. However, its molecularity is two. This type of reaction involves two or more elementary steps and the molecularity of each elementary step is not more than three.
The three elementary steps of above-mentioned reaction are as follow:
HBr + O2 →HOOBr
HOOBr + HBr → 2 HOBr
[HOBr + HBr→ H2O + Br2]
The molecularity of all above elementary steps is 2. Hence, molecularity of the overall reaction is also two, not five.
The reaction between nitrogen dioxide and fluoride molecules.
The overall reaction can be shown as:
2 NO2 + F2 → 2 NO2F
According to stoichiometric addition, the reaction seems to be a trimolecular reaction. However, it is a bimolecular reaction.
The elementary steps of this reaction are as follow:
NO2 + F2→ NO2 + F
NO2 + F → NO2F
The first step of the reaction is slow while the second step is fast. Hence, the first step is the rate-determining step of the chemical reaction.
Now, according to the definition, molecularity of the reaction is the number of colliding molecules in the rate-determining step. Hence, this chemical reaction is an example of a bimolecular reaction. The condition in which the molecularity of the chemical reaction is greater than 3 is rare. As we know, the chemical reaction takes place due to the collision among the reactant molecules present in the reaction system. It is a fact that as the number of reactant molecules increases or say as the molecularity of chemical reaction increases, the chance of their coming closer and colliding simultaneously decreases. Hence, when there are more than three molecules in reaction, the probability of all molecules coming closer and colliding simultaneously is low, and that is why the value of molecularity greater than 3 is a rare condition. Generally, this type of reaction in which more than 3 molecules react, involves more than one elementary step. From these steps, one step is slow that determines the rate of the reaction as well as the molecularity.
Order of Reaction
Rate-expression or rate-law of reaction can be defined as the mathematical expression representing the dependence of rate of reaction on the concentration of reactants. The summation of the powers of the concentration terms of every reactant mentioned in the rate-expression is called the order of reaction.
For example, consider the following reaction.
aA + bB → Products
Rate-expression for this reaction is:
Rate ∝ aAmbBn
In this case, the order of reaction with respect to the reactant A is m and the order of reaction with respect to the reactant B is n. However, according to the definition, the overall order of this reaction is m + n.
As we know, the molecularity of this reaction is a + b. It may or may not be equal to the order of reaction i.e. m + n. (Note- value of ‘a’ may or may not be equal to ‘m’. Similarly, the value of ‘b’ may or may not be similar to ‘n’.)
Main Difference Between Molecularity and the Order of Reaction
Several reactions have the same molecularity and order of reaction. However, this is not true in every case. They might differ and it depends upon the reaction. Sometimes, these two terms might seem to be a bit confusing. Anyhow, there are several major differences between these two concepts, which are enlisted as follows.
Molecularity of the reaction can be defined as the total number of reacting species in a rate-determining step. On the other hand, the order of reaction is the summation of powers of concentration of the reactant molecules in the rate equation of the reaction.
As discussed earlier, the molecularity of a chemical reaction is always a whole number, or say, positive integer. On the other hand, the value of order of reaction may be a whole number, fractional, or zero.
The molecularity is a theoretical concept, while order of reaction is an experimentally determined value.
As discussed, the molecularity of complex chemical reactions might not be the stoichiometric sum. Hence, it is meaningful only in the case of simple reactions or individual steps. It is not meaningful for an overall complex reaction. Whereas the order of reaction is meaningful for the overall reaction. It is not meant for each and every individual step of the complex reaction.
The molecularity of reaction is based on the number of reactant molecules that take part in the rate-determining step of reaction. The order of reaction depends upon the molar concentration of reactant molecules.
Order of Reaction and its Differences - Introduction
In chemistry, every chemical reaction takes place one step at a time. It is similar to the act of putting a jigsaw puzzle together in which a single piece fits at a time. Molecules, just like puzzle pieces, act as elements participating in the steps of a chemical reaction. The chemical reaction involving the participation of one reacting molecule is known as a unimolecular reaction. For example, a reaction with two reactant molecules is a bimolecular reaction, while the participation of three molecules gives rise to a trimolecular reaction.
Molecularity of Reaction IIT JEE - Definition and Examples
The molecularity of a reaction means the number of molecules participating in an elementary (single step) chemical reaction. Molecularity is equal to the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants in an elementary reaction. In simpler terms, the molecularity of a reaction refers to the number of reacting molecules that collide to form a reaction.
Examples:
Unimolecular Reaction
PCl₅ → PCl₃ + Cl₂
This one molecule of PCl₅ is involved in giving the products PCl₃ and Cl₂; hence it is a unimolecular reaction.
Bimolecular Reaction
2HI → H₂ + I₂
In this, two molecules of HI react to produce H₂ and I₂. Therefore this is known as a bimolecular reaction.
Trimolecular Reaction
2SO₂ + O₂ → 2SO₃
In this, two molecules of SO₂ combine with one molecule of O₂ to give the product of 2SO₂. This reaction forms a trimolecular reaction.
Trivia
The value of molecularity is always an integer
The molecularity of a reaction does not change with the experimental conditions.
It cannot have a fractional or zero value.
The minimum value of molecularity of a reaction is one
Molecularity of a reaction does not depend on external factors such as temperature or pressure.
Order Of Reaction
Order of reaction is the mathematical expression that showcases the rate's dependency on the reactants' concentration. It shows the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of the reactants taking part in it. To obtain the order of reaction, the reaction's rate expression must be found. The obtained rate equation helps find the composition of the mixture of the various elements in a reaction.
FAQs on Molecularity of Reaction JEE
1. What is the difference between Order of reaction and Molecularity of reaction?
Order of reaction is experimentally determined quantity. It can be zero, fraction, or an integer. The experimental conditions influence the order of the reaction. It is a result of elementary and complex reactions.
Molecularity is a theoretical property. It cannot be a zero or a fraction, as it's always an integer. The experimental conditions can change the molecularity. The molecularity of a reaction is a property of elementary reactions only. It is not applicable for complex reactions.
2. Why can molecularity never be more than three?
Molecularity cannot be more than three as any more than three molecules can effectively collide with each other in a chemical reaction. The order of the reaction is dependent upon the number of reactants involved in a chemical reaction. The order of reaction also depends on the number of reactants that will collide in a reaction. Therefore, the probability of concurrent collision of three or more molecules in a reaction to form a product is less.
3. Why can the order of reaction be zero, but the molecularity of a reaction cannot be?
The molecularity of a reaction shows the number of molecules taking part in a reaction; at least a single molecule is required for the process.
Hence the minimum value of molecularity of a reaction is one and can never be zero. While a zero-order reaction shows a constant rate independent of the rate of concentration of the reactants, such reactions are found when the reactants saturate material for a chemical reaction.
4. How to find the molecularity of a reaction?
The molecularity of a reaction is found by determining the sum of the molecules of the different reactants. A balanced chemical equation expresses the reactants sum. The number of atoms, ions, molecules taking part in the elementary step of a complex reaction determines the molecularity of a complex reaction. The order of reaction would be the sum of the power of the individual reacting concentration values.
For example:
2NO(g)+O₂(g)→2NO₂(g)
The molecularity of the reaction would be 3
2NO(g)+O₂(g)→2NO₂(g) is (2+1)=3
5. Where to find study material for the molecularity of reaction?
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