Inertia
Physics, as we all know, is a vast subject. It gives utmost prominence to technical, rational, and statistical perspectives. It is the natural method performed on the basis of true experiments and mathematics. There are several theories and laws proposed in physics that talk about the primary constituents in the world, how the world moves, its type of motion, behavior, the energy it uses for motion, the same topics with respect to change in time, space etc.
Physics plays a vital role in connecting similar but seemingly different incidents. It helps people to know how motion, time, and energy is beautifully synchronized in order to get an order in happenings. It basically acts as a shelf that can organize the universe inside peoples’ brains in a rational manner.
Inertia is also a concept that shows the connection between movement, time, and energy. For a motion, there is also a still condition. It is either naturally occurring or is attained by resistance. Resistance happens when the electric charges experience opposition in their flow. The following information briefly discusses the moment of inertia and moment of inertia of a disc. Let us now take a look at it and gain knowledge.
Inertia
The resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity is known as Inertia. The changes to the object's speed or direction of motion are included in inertia. When no forces act upon them then an aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed.
The meaning of Inertia has derived from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. One of the primary manifestations of mass is Inertia, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. Inertia is defined by Isaac Newton as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which states:
The innate force of matter or vis insita, is a power of resisting by which everybody, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of moving uniformly or rest forward in a straight line.
In constant velocity, an object will continue moving at its current velocity position until some other external force causes its speed or direction to change.
On the Earth’s surface, inertia is often masked by effects of friction and gravity and air resistance, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest). The philosopher Aristotle was misled to believe that objects would move only as long as a force was applied to them.
One of the fundamental principles in classical physics is the principle of inertia that is still used today to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by the applied forces on them.
Moment of Inertia
The moment of inertia is otherwise known as the moment of the mass of inertia, a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis is an angular mass or rotational inertia of a rigid body is similar to how mass determines the force needed for the desired acceleration. It depends on the axis chosen and the body's mass distribution, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's rate of rotation.
As an extensive (additive) property: for a point of mass, the moment of inertia is simply the mass times the square of the perpendicular distance to the axis of rotation. The sum of the moments of inertia of its component subsystems (all taken about the same axis) is the moment of inertia of a rigid composite system. The second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis is its simplest definition. The moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane, a scalar value, matters For bodies constrained to rotate in a plane. The moments for bodies that are free to rotate in three dimensions, can be understood by asymmetric 3 × 3 matrices, with a set of we can say mutually perpendicular principal axes for this matrix is diagonal and torques which is a kind of force itself is around the axes act independently of each other.
Factors Affecting Moment of Inertia
The basic factors affecting the moment of inertia are the following:
Density - The density of the material affects the moment of inertia.
Size of the material
The shape of the material
Axis rotation - A line of points as to which a rigid body rotates is known as axis of rotation.
Area of the Moment of Inertia
It is also known as the second area moment. It displays the dispersion of points in a random axis. Its property is of a two-dimensional plane.
Polar Moment of Inertia
The polar moment of inertia measures an objects’ extent to resist when torque is applied on a specific axis. Torsion is the twisting of the body with a force apple on it.
The polar moment puts forth the resistance shown by a cylindrical object towards the torsion when applied in a cross-sectional area that is vertical to the central axis of the object. The magnitude of the polar moment of inertia is directly proportional to the torsional resistance of the thing.
There are three types of cross-sectional moments.
Hollow-cylinder shaft
Solid-cylinder shaft
Thin-walled shaft
The limitations of the Polar moment of inertia include its inability to measure shafts and beams which are not cylindrical cross-sectional.
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Differentiation between Moment of Inertia and Polar Moment of Inertia
Mass Moment of Inertia
Also known as rotational inertia, the mass moment of inertia is the volume that measures the objects’ resistance when a change occurs in angular momentum.
Factors affecting mass moment of Inertia are:
Angular acceleration
Kinesthetic energy-storing
When a torsional force is applied to the body, it’s mass moment of inertia will be inversely proportional to angular acceleration.
Some important things about the mass moment of inertia are:
The body mass and its location depend on the mass moment of inertia.
The larger the mess moment of inertia becomes, the farther the rotational axis from its’ mass is.
The MOI can be mathematically represented as:
\[I=mr^{2}\]
Moment of Inertia of a Disk
The moment of inertia, which is also denoted by the letter “i”, measures the extent to which resistance of an object is rotational acceleration about a particular axis, and is the rotational analog to mass.
\[ML^2\] (mass×length2) is the unit of the dimension of Mass moments of inertia. The second moment of the area should not be confused with, which is used in beam calculations. rotational inertia, and sometimes as the angular mass is often also known as the mass moment of inertia.
Symmetric mass distribution is mainly considered by this article, that unless otherwise specified with constant density throughout the object, and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass.
Derivation: The mass is distributed all over the x and y plane on a thin disk. Then, we move on to establishing the relation for surface mass density (σ) where it is defined as or said to be the mass per unit surface area. The surface mass density will also be constant, since the disk is uniform, therefore;
σ = m / A
Or
σA = m
So,
dm = σ(dA)
For simplification of the area where it can be assumed that the area is to be made of a collection of rings that are mostly thin in nature. The mass increment (dm) of radius r which are at an equal distance from the axis is said to be thin rings. Expressing the small area (dA) of every ring by the length (2πr) times the small width of the rings (dr.) It is given as:
\[A = \pi r^{2}\],
\[dA = d(\pi r^{2}) = \pi dr^{2} = 2rdr\]
To get the full area of the disk, we add all the rings from a radius of range 0 to R. The value that is used in the integration of dr is the range of the radius that is given. After putting all these together we get:
\[I = O \int R r^{2} \sigma (\pi r)dr\]
\[I = 2 \pi \sigma O \int R r^{3}dr\]
\[I = 2 \pi \sigma \frac{r^{4}}{4} dR\]
\[I = 2 \pi \sigma (\frac{r^{4}}{4 - 0})\]
\[I = 2 \pi (\frac{m}{4}) (\frac{R^{4}}{4})\]
\[I = 2 \pi (\frac{m}{\pi r^{2}})(\frac{R^{4}}{4})\]
\[I = \frac{1}{2} m R^{2}\]
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FAQs on Moment of Inertia of a Disc
1. What are Inertia’s Moment Factors?
The moment of inertia depends on both the mass of the body and its shape or geometry, as defined by the distance to the axis of rotation.
2. What is a Moment of Inertia? Explain with an Example.
The example of Moment of inertia is if the amount of inertia or resistance to charge is fairly slight in a wheel with an axis in the middle. The small amount of torque on the wheel in the right direction will change its velocity if all the mass is eventually distributed around a pivot point.
3. Describe the Moment of Inertia of a Disc.
Presuming that the moment of inertia of a disc about an axis which is perpendicular to it and through its center to be known it is mr2/2, where m is defined as the mass of the disc, and r is the radius of the disc. Assuming The disc is a planar body.
4. When the Moment of Inertia Becomes Important?
In almost all the physics problems the inertia is important, especially rotational inertia, that involves a mass in the rotation motion. For the calculation of an angular momentum, it is used and allows us to explain how rotational momentum changes when the distribution of mass changes.
5. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc placed on the horizontal surface having origin as the center. If the moment of inertia of disc along the axis passing through the diameter is 2kg m2find the moment of inertia of the disc about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing through its center.
MOI of x-axis and y-axis is:
X-axis = y-axis = 2kg m2
As the Perpendicular Axis theorem suggests,
MOI of the z-axis of the disc is,
\[I_z=I_zI_x+I_y\]
\[\Rightarrow I_z=2+2\]
\[\Rightarrow I_z=4kgm^2\]
Therefore, the moment of inertia of the circular disc is 4kgm2.
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