Definition of Tangent
If a straight line touches a circle at only one point, it is considered as Tangent to the circle. If the point is touching the circle at more than one point, then it cannot be considered as a tangent. The tangents to any circle have the following properties.
A tangent touches the circumference of the circle at only one point.
A tangent is perpendicular to the radius of the circle at the point of contact.
Tangents cannot be drawn through a point which lies in the interior of the circle.
From the point outside a circle, only two tangents can be drawn to the circle.
Every point on the circumference of the circle has one and only one tangent passing through it.
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Tangents Drawn to Circle from External Point (Length of Tangent Theorem):
From an external point, only two tangents can be drawn to a circle. These two tangents will have the same length. The length of tangent from an external point to the circle can be determined using Pythagora's theorem as the radius of the circle is perpendicular to the tangent. So, the Pythagorean theorem can be used to find the tangent’s length drawn from a point at a known distance away from the center of the circle. Length of tangent to the circle from an external point is given as:
\[ l = \sqrt{d^{2} − r^{2}}\]
The equation is called the length of the tangent formula.
In the above equation,
‘l’ is the length of the tangent
d is the distance between the center of the circle and the external point from which tangent is drawn and
‘r’ is the radius of the circle
Length of Tangent Theorem:
Tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are of equal length. This is a very important theorem. It can be proved as shown below.
Length of Tangent Theorem Statement:
Tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are of equal length.
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Data:
Consider a circle with the center ‘O’.
Let ‘A’ be the external point at a certain distance away from the center of the circle from which two tangents AB and AC are drawn to the circle at points B and C respectively.
To Prove:
Length of AB = Length of AC
Construction:
Join OB and OC (OB and OC represents the radii of the circle)
Proof:
Therefore, the length of the tangents drawn to a circle from the same external point are equal.
Length of Tangents Example Problems:
1. A tangent is drawn to a circle of radius 5 cm from a point 8 cm away from the circumference of the circle. Find the length of the tangent.
Solution:
Radius of the circle (r) = 5 cm
Distance of the external point from the circle = 8 cm
Distance of the external point from the center (d) = 8 + r = 8 + 5 = 13 cm
Length of the tangent formula is:
\[l = \sqrt{d^{2}-r^{2}}\]
\[l = \sqrt{13^{2}-5^{2}}\]
\[l = \sqrt{169-25}\]
\[l = \sqrt{144}\]
\[l = 12 cm \]
Length of the tangent = 12 cm
2. A tangent of length 24 cm is drawn to a circle from a distance 18 cm away from its circumference. Find the radius of the circle. (Hint: Use a length of tangent formula)
Solution:
Length of the tangent = 24 cm
Distance of the external point from the circle = 18 cm
Distance of the tangent from the center of the circle = 18 + r
Radius of the circle = r
Using Pythagorean theorem,
l2 + r2 = d2
r2 = d2 - l2
r2 = (18 + r)2 - 242
r2 = 182 + r2 + 36r - 242
r2 = 324 + r2 + 36r - 576
36 r = 252
r = 252 / 36 = 7 cm
The radius of the circle is 7 cm.
3. A circle is inscribed inside a quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC.
Solution:
Consider a quadrilateral ABCD inside which a circle is inscribed. Let the circle touch the sides of the quadrilateral AB, BC, CD, and DA at the points M, N, O and P respectively as shown in the diagram below.
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From the figure,
AM = AP → (1) (AM and AP are the tangents drawn to the circle from the point A)
BM = BN → (2) (BM and BN are the tangents drawn to the circle from the point B)
CO = CN → (3) (CN and CO are the tangents drawn to the circle from the point C)
DO = DP → (4) (DO and DP are the tangents drawn to the circle from the point D)
Tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are of equal length.
Adding the equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) we get
AM + BM + CO + DO = AP + BN + CN + DP → (5)
From the figure,
AM + BM = AB
CO + DO = CD
AP + DP = AD
BN + CN = BC
Substituting the above values in (5), we get
AB + CD = AD + BC
Fun Facts:
If a line touches the circle at two different points, then it is called a secant.
Number of tangents drawn to the circle from a point
Inside the circle = 0
On the circle = 1
Outside the circle = 2
What is Length of Tangent on a Circle
A line which touches the circle exactly at one point is known as the tangent to a circle. Point of contact is the point at which the tangent touches the circle. We can define the number of tangents that we can draw to a circle, based on the position of the point of contact. There are some points related to tangents that are important to remember.
We cannot draw a tangent to a circle through a point that lies inside the circle because, inside a circle, all the lines passing through any point will intersect the circle at two points.
There is only one tangent to a circle that used to pass through only one point on the circle.
There are only two tangents that can be drawn to a circle from any point outside the circle.
FAQs on Length of Tangent
1. What are the characteristic features of a tangent to the circle?
Tangent is a straight line that touches the circle at one and only point. Two tangents can be drawn from an external point to the circumference of the circle. These two tangents are of equal length. The point at which the tangent touches the circumference of the circle is called the point of contact. Tangent is perpendicular to the radii of the circle at the point of contact. So, the center of the circle, the point of contact of the tangent and the external point from which the tangent is drawn form a right triangle. No two tangents can be drawn from a single point on the circumference of the circle.
2. How is the length of the tangent determined?
A tangent is always perpendicular to the radius of the circle at the point of contact. So, the radius of the circle, the line joining the point of contact and the center of the circle and the tangent drawn forms a right triangle. If the radius of the circle and the distance between the center of the circle and the external point are known, then the length of the tangent can be determined using the Pythagoras theorem. If the radius of the circle is ‘r’ and the tangents are drawn from a point at a distance ‘d’ from the center of the circle, then the length of the tangent to the circle from the external point ‘l’ is given as:
\[ \sqrt{d^{2}- r^{2}} \].
3. What is the maximum number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle from a point?
The answer to this depends on the position of the point, whether it is inside the circle, on the circle or outside the circle. If a point is inside the circle then no tangent can be drawn through it as any line passing through that point will intersect the circle at two points. If the point is on the circle then only one tangent can be drawn through it. And, if the point is outside the circle then exactly two tangents can be drawn passing through that point.
4. What is the tangent point?
The point at which a tangent to a circle touches the circle is called the tangent point. A tangent point is also called a point of tangency. The line formed by connecting the center of the circle and tangent point is always perpendicular to the tangent. Therefore tangent point can also be referred to as, foot of the perpendicular from the center of the circle.
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