Question

Chlorobenzene is extremely less reactive towards a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Give two reasons for the same.

Answer 1

Hint: We know that, in nucleophilic substitution reactions, a nucleophile attacks the positively charged atom. A nucleophile is a species, which is electron rich in nature. Some examples of nucleophiles are hydroxide ion, cyanide ion etc.

Complete step by step answer:
Resonance is the phenomenon in which delocalization of electrons occurs that causes stabilization of molecules.
We first draw the resonance in chlorobenzene. The lone pair of chlorine atoms delocalized in the benzene ring.

From the above structure we see a lone pair of electrons delocalized in the benzene ring and four resonating structures present. This causes stabilization of the molecule. So, activation energy for displacement of halogen from benzene is very much higher than displacement of alkyl halide.
In chlorobenzene, the halogen atom is bonded to the highly electronegative $sp^2$ hybridised carbon atom. So, nucleophilic substitution reaction is not possible.

Hence, two reasons for less reactivity of chlorobenzene towards nucleophilic substitution reactions are resonance in chlorobenzene and $sp^2$ hybridised nature of carbon atom bonded to chlorine atom.


Additional Information:
In a chemical reaction, replacement of one group by another is termed as substitution reaction. Substitution reactions are of three types, radical, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution. Electrophile is a chemical species possessing electron deficient nature and nucleophile is a species possessing electron rich nature. Some examples of electrophiles are hydronium ion, bromine etc.

Note:
Students might get confused about nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution. In electrophilic substitution, an electrophile generally displaces hydrogen atom from a compound and in nucleophilic substitution, nucleophile attacks positively charged carbon.