The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings Class 6 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 9 (Free PDF Download)

• The environment in which plants and animals dwell is referred to as their habitat. The same ecosystem may be home to a variety of flora and animals.

• Adaptation is the presence of certain traits and habits that allow a plant or animal to live in a specific ecosystem.

• There are many different sorts of habitats, but they can be divided into two categories: terrestrial (on land) and aquatic (on water).

• In different ecosystems, a vast range of creatures can be found.

• Biotic components are made up of plants, animals, and microorganisms. 

• Abiotic components of our environment include rocks, soil, air, water, light, and temperature.

Living Things have the Following Characteristics: 

1. They require food, air, and water to grow and carry out other processes.

2. The children mature into adults.

3. They perform respiration. Animals take in oxygen while exhaling carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants, and oxygen is given out by them.

4. They react to changes in their environment (stimuli).

5. They all help the body get rid of waste (excretion).

6. They are self-replicating.

7. They have a set amount of time to live.

8. They are built up of cells and have a specific structure.

9. They move about.

Habitat: 

• The environment in which an organism finds comfort, safety, food, water, air, shelter, and suitable breeding and survival conditions.

• It is made up of two parts: biotic (life things like plants and animals) and abiotic (non-living objects) (non-living things like rocks, soil, air and water).

• Biotic Components: 

1. Autotrophs: 

Autotrophs make their own food (Auto means self; Troph means nutrition). Green plants are autotrophs. 

2. Heterotrophs: 

(Hetero means different or others, Troph means nutrition).

1. Plants and animals that consume grass are known as herbivores.

2. Carnivores are creatures that devour flesh or meat.

3. Omnivores consume both plants and meat.

4. A habitat provides practically everything that an organism requires.

• Abiotic Components: 

1. Light, 

2. Temperature, 

3. Water, Humidity and Rain, 

4. Soil, 

5. Air and Wind, 

6. Height of a Place-Plains or Hills.

Types of Habitat: 

1. Terrestrial Habitat: Plants and animals live on land. Some terrestrial habitats are:

1. Seashore or the Coastal Area: For example, plants like mangroves and coconut palms are common. 

2. On the Banks of Ponds and Lakes: For example, frogs, turtles, alligators, crocodiles, ducks etc.

3. Life on Land: For example, cat, deer, lion, tiger, cow. Mesophytes are plants that grow on land in normal conditions of moderate temperature and water availability.

4. Desert Habitat on Land: For example, cactus, euphorbia, aloe, lizards, snake, camel.

5. Underground Habitats: For example, moles, beetles, cricket, termite, millipede, ant. plants and animals living on hills and mountains. Ex. yak, bear, hill goat, flying fox. plants in hills are mostly conical and evergreen. They have extensive root systems. The woody stalk bears needle-like leaves. Xerophytes are primarily plants. Ex. apple, pear, plum, apricot, walnut, almond.

6. High Snowy Peaks and Polar Regions: For example, the polar bear(white bear), penguin.

7. Arboreal or Aerial Habitat: Arbor means a tree. organisms living on trees are arboreal. For example, there was a honey bee, sider, owls, birds and numerous insects. 

1. Aquatic Habitat: Plants and animals live in water. Example: ponds, swamps, lakes, rivers and oceans.

1. Hydrophytes are plants that thrive in water.

2. Mucilage is a slippery material that coats the plant's body.

• Adaptations: 

An organism's ability to live in its environment is due to the presence of specialised traits or habitats.

1. Adaptation aids an organism's acquisition of certain features that enable it to live in the habitat of its choice.

2. The adaptation could be habitat-related or (ii)body-structure-related.

• Terrestrial:

1. Deserts: Small animals spend the day in tunnels deep in the sand and emerge at night. Leaves are either nonexistent or smell like spines in plants; the stem has a thick waxy coating; and the roots run deep into the soil.

2. Mountains have thick skin or hair, and mountain goats have powerful hooves. Trees are cone-shaped with sloping branches and needle-like leaves.

3. Grasslands: Animals are light brown in colour; Lion: front legs have a long clause that can be withdrawn inside the toes; eyes are in front of the face. Deer: strong teeth, long ears, and eyes on the sides of the head characterise deer.

• Aquatic: 

1. Ponds: 

Plants With Roots in the Soil: Ponds Long, hollow, and light stems support leaves that float on water. 

Plants having Submerged Roots Include: The leaves are slim and ribbon-like in appearance.

2. Oceans: 

Marine plants and animals are organisms that live in the sea. Animals have a streamlined body with gills that allow them to breathe (dolphins and whales have blowholes).

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