Class 11 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Notes: CBSE Economics Chapter 8 (Indian Economic Development)

Development Path of India, Pakistan and China 

• All three countries began their development journeys at the same time. India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947, and China established the People's Republic of China in 1949.

• All three countries had begun to plan their development strategies similar ly. India unveiled its first Five Year Plan in 1951, Pakistan in 1956, and China in 1953.

• India and Pakistan pursued similar strategies, such as establishing a large public sector and increasing government spending on social development.

• While India and Pakistan followed the ‘mixed economy' model, China followed the ‘command economy' model of economic growth.

• Before the 1980s, all three countries had comparable growth rates and per capita incomes.

• China implemented economic reforms in 1978, Pakistan in 1988, and India in 1991.

Development Strategies of India

1. A Sound Trade System: India was a country with a history of closed trade. Because of this historical context, India faces a critical challenge in developing a new policy that can support the new trade system. This new trade reform has been implemented in the Indian economy and has accelerated India's growth.

2. Poverty Reduction: To reduce poverty in India, several poverty alleviation programs have been implemented. This would aid in increasing per capita income, improving nutrition, and reducing poverty in some states.

3. Rural Development: As a part of this strategy, India implemented a variety of measures to develop areas that are lagging behind in the overall development of the village economy.

4. Employment Generation: Several economic reforms have been initiated to generate employment in the country, to provide gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities.

Development Strategies of China 

1. Giant Leap Forward: Launched in 1958, this campaign aimed at massively industrializing the country. People were encouraged to establish large-scale industries in their own backyards.

2. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): In 1965, Mao Se Tung launched a large-scale cultural revolution. During the revolution, students and professionals were sent to the countryside to work and learn.

3. 1978 Reforms: Beginning in 1978, China began to implement many reforms in stages. These reforms have been implemented in the agricultural, foreign trade, and investment sectors. The goal of Chinese economic reforms was to generate enough surplus to finance the modernization of the Chinese economy on the mainland.

Development Strategies of Pakistan 

1. Mixed Economy: Pakistan has a mixed economy in which the public and private sectors coexist.

2. Import Substitution: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Pakistan established a regulatory framework for import industrialization. The policy combined tariff protection for consumer goods manufacturing with direct import controls on competing imports.

3. Green Revolution: This was implemented to increase food productivity and self-sufficiency, and increased food grain output. This had a significant impact on the agrarian system.

Economic Development Strategy after Independence 

• Business activities were assigned to both the public and private sectors. Coal, mining, steel, power, roads, and other activities were assigned to the public sector. The private sector was given the authority to establish industries that would be subject to legal control and regulations.

• The government gave a big push to the public sector. The highest revenue was invested in this sector, which increased from Rs. 81.1 crore in the First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) to Rs 34,206 crores in the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1992-97).

• The public sector was prioritized in order to eliminate poverty, unemployment, and other social ills. 

• The public sector aided in the industrialization of the economy. It also aided the Indian economy in achieving a high level of self-sufficiency.

Comparative Study – India, Pakistan and China: 

1. Pakistan's population is very small, accounting for roughly one-tenth of that of China and India.

2. Despite being the largest country geographically, China has the lowest population density of the three.

3. Pakistan has the fastest population growth, followed by India and China. The one-child policy, which was implemented in China in the late 1970s, is the primary cause of low population growth. However, this measure resulted in a decrease in the sex ratio, or the proportion of females per 1000 males.

4. In all three countries, the sex ratio is low and biased against females. In all of these countries, there is a strong preference for sons.

5. The fertility rate in China is low, but it is very high in Pakistan.

6. Both China and Pakistan have high levels of urbanisation, with India having 28 percent of the population living in cities.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Sectors 

1. China had the world's second-largest GDP (PPP) of 10.1 trillion in 2013, followed by India's GDP (PPP) of 1.86 trillion and Pakistan's GDP (PPP) of 0.47 trillion.

2. On this path of development, China's average growth rate is approximately 9.5 per cent, while India's and Pakistan's average growth rates are approximately 5.8 per cent and 4.1 per cent, respectively.

3. In China in 2011, agriculture employed 37 per cent of the workforce and contributed 9 per cent to GDP (approximately). In India and Pakistan, the agricultural sector accounts for approximately 19% and 21% of GDP, respectively. In India, approximately 56% of people work in agriculture, whereas in Pakistan, approximately 45% work in agriculture.

4. In China, manufacturing accounts for 47 per cent of GDP, whereas in India and Pakistan, the service sector accounts for the majority of GDP (more than 50 per cent of GDP).

5. Unlike China, which followed the traditional development pattern of shifting from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services, India and Pakistan have moved directly from agriculture to the service sector.

6. In the 1980s, the service sector employed 17, 12, and 27 per cent of the workforce in India, China, and Pakistan, respectively. In 2011, it was 25 per cent, 33 per cent, and 35 per cent, respectively (approximately).

7. The manufacturing sector is primarily responsible for China's growth, whereas the service sector is emerging as a major player in development in both India and Pakistan.

Human Development Indicators 

1. China has outperformed India and Pakistan in most areas of human development. This is true for many indicators, including per capita GDP and the proportion of the population living in poverty, as well as health indicators such as mortality rates, access to sanitation, literacy, life expectancy, and malnourishment.

2. Pakistan is ahead of India in terms of reducing the proportion of people living in poverty, as well as its performance in shifting labour from the agricultural to the industrial sectors and access to water.

3. In contrast, India outperforms Pakistan in the education and health-care sectors.

4. India and Pakistan are ahead of China in terms of improved water sources.

• India performed moderately, as is clear from:

a. Agriculture continues to be the primary source of income for the vast majority of its people.

b. Infrastructural facilities are insufficient in many parts of the country.

c. It has yet to improve the standard of living for more than 22 per cent of its population, which is below the poverty line.

• Pakistan has had a poor performance. 

The reasons for Pakistan's economy's slowing growth and reemergence of poverty are as follows: 

a. Political insecurity.

b. The agricultural sector's volatile performance.

c. Excessive reliance on remittances.

d. Increasing reliance on foreign loans on the one hand, and increasing difficulty in repaying the loans on the other.

• China has performed comparatively the best, as is clear from:

a. Achievement in raising the level of growth while also alleviating poverty.

b. It used the market mechanism to generate additional social and economic opportunities without committing to any political action.

c. By retaining collective land ownership and allowing individuals to cultivate land, China has ensured rural social security.

d. In China, public intervention in the provision of social infrastructure has resulted in positive results in human development indicators.

Indian Economic Development Class 11 Notes PDF

The Indian Economic Development Class 11 notes PDF are available to download as these are in PDF format. The students can refer to these notes even without an internet connection once they download it. After downloading, the students can refer to these notes from their comfort and at their own pace. Also, students can print the pdf notes and keep them in the form of hard copies neatly to refer to when they wish to. 

5 Important Topics of Economics Class 11 Chapter 8 you shouldn’t Miss!

Importance of Economics Chapter 8 Development Experience of India Class 11 Notes

• Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours  Notes are essential for understanding how India's economy has evolved compared to its neighbours, China and Pakistan. 

• These notes highlight important topics like GDP growth, sectoral composition, and economic reforms, providing students with a clear picture of India's progress over the years. 

• By breaking down complex concepts like demographic indicators and human development, Class 11 Economics Chapter 8 PDF helps students grasp key insights into India's development journey. 

• The Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Notes PDF are invaluable for exam preparation, making it easier for students to understand how India’s economic strategies and challenges have shaped its current position in the global economy.

Tips for Learning the Class 11 Economics Chapter 8 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

• Focus on Key Indicators: Pay attention to demographic indicators like population growth, GDP, literacy rates, and life expectancy for India, China, and Pakistan.

• Compare the Countries: Understand the differences and similarities in economic growth, reforms, and sectoral contributions of agriculture, industry, and services.

• Use Tables and Diagrams: Visuals like tables and graphs will help you remember the comparative data between the three countries.

• Understand Economic Reforms: Learn about the economic reforms in each country, especially India’s 1991 reforms and China’s market-oriented changes.

• Practice with Examples: Use real-life examples and case studies to better understand how these nations have progressed economically.

Conclusion

Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours Notes PDF provide a clear understanding of how India, China, and Pakistan have progressed economically over the years. These notes explain important topics like GDP growth, economic reforms, and demographic indicators, making it easier for students to compare the development of these countries. With simple explanations and key comparisons, students can grasp how different economic strategies have shaped the growth of each nation. Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours  Notes PDF are an excellent resource for exam preparation, helping students understand complex topics in an easy-to-understand way.

Related Study Materials for Class 11 Economics Chapter 8 Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours

Chapter-wise Revision Notes Links for Class 11 Economics (Indian Economic Development)

Important Study Materials for Class 11 Economics