Question

Which of the following compound is expected to be most basic
A Aniline
B Methylamine
C Hydroxylamine
D Ethylamine

Answer 1

Hint Calcium carbonate, potassium oxide, and sodium hydroxide are a few examples of bases. A base is a chemical that reacts with hydrogen ions to neutralise the acid. The majority of bases are mineral compounds that combine with acids to create water and salts. The oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of metals are examples of bases. Alkalis are the soluble bases. Alkalis include sodium hydroxide. Due to its inability to dissolve in water, copper(ll) oxide is a base and not an alkali. As a result, all bases are alkalis, but not all alkalis are bases. Bases taste unpleasant and feel slippery.

Complete solution step by step:
The term "Inductive Effect" describes the process where a permanent dipole develops in a certain molecule as a result of an unequal distribution of the molecule's bonding electrons. Unlike the electromeric effect, which can only occur in pi bonds, this effect can occur in sigma bonds.
We can determine a compound's acidity and basicity via the inductive effect. In general, it may be claimed that compounds containing electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) have higher acidity levels than those with electron-donating groups.
This is due to the fact that the conjugate base of the acid, \[\text{RCO}{{\text{O}}^{\text{-}}}\] , is stabilised through delocalization of the generated negative charge if R is electron-withdrawing.
The inductive effect is crucial in determining a molecule's acidity and basicity. A molecule becomes more electron dense overall and is able to donate electrons when groups with the +I effect (inductive effect) are added to it. This property makes the molecule basic. Similar to this, groups with the -I effect linked to a molecule reduce the molecule's total electron density, rendering it electron deficient and contributing to its acidity. A molecule becomes more acidic as the number of -I groups connected to it rises, and more basic as the number of +I groups rises.
The alkyl group's positive inductive action causes the N-atom of amines to acquire a partial -ve charge, which makes it easy to donate an electron pair.

Hence option D is correct.

Note According to the inductive effect, a given atom's charge and the charge of a group attached to it both have a significant impact on how stable the resulting molecule would be. This can be seen, for instance, when a group that exhibits the -I effect bonds to an atom that is positively charged, amplifying the positive charge on the resulting molecule and decreasing its stability. On the other hand, the charge difference is slightly quenched when a negatively charged atom is added to a group that is exhibiting a -I effect, and the resulting molecule would be stable according to the inductive effect.