What is Sulphate?
Sulphate also spelled as Sulfate is a chemical compound that is composed of sulphur and oxygen atoms. It is one of the most widely available chemical compounds accessible as naturally occurring minerals on earth. It is mostly found in the environment as a result of atmospheric and terrestrial processes. The major contributors of sulphate are sulphide containing rocks and minerals, sulphur released from the erosion of evaporite deposits, and even volcanoes. Sulphate is a derivative of salts with a variety of elements including potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and barium.
Sulphate Formula: SO₄²⁻.
Sulphate Structure :[SO4-2]
Let us understand the chemical bonding and molecular structure of sulphate. The sulphate ion is composed of sulphur and oxygen atoms. Here, sulphur is the central atom and it is surrounded by four oxygen atoms that are located at equal distances in the plane. As for the bonding, 2 of the oxygen atoms form S=O bonds, and the other two form S-O- bonds. The oxygen atoms are responsible for the negative charge (-2) of the anion because they are in -2 state.
If we look at the structure or the shape of the molecule, it has a tetrahedral geometry which is further based on the VSEPR theory. Sulphate ion has a star-shaped geometry. It is represented as:
(image will be uploaded soon)
The atoms are placed at 109.5° angle. To determine the structure students can learn to draw the Lewis structure of sulphate and also know about the formal charges and the total number of valence electrons needed for sulphate.
Properties of Sulphate
The physical and chemical properties of sulphate ions are as given below.
Physical Properties of Sulphate:
Ionic sulphates are easily soluble in water. There are some exceptions such as strontium sulphate, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, and lead sulphate. These sulphates have less solubility.
Also, they form white precipitates during reactions.
Chemical Properties of Sulphates:
A chemical property of sulphate is that it can easily combine with metals. To expand it further, the oxygen atoms in sulphate ion act as ligands (arms) and they attract the metal to form a bridge or connection. This interlink of a chemical compound bonding with metal is called a chelate.
The sulphate ion acts as a ligand connected either by two oxygens or single oxygen as a bridge. Sulphate has so many electrons, it can use any pair of electrons to connect with a metal.
For example, let us take a neutral metal PSO₄ wherein the sulphate ion acts as a bidentate ligand. The metal and oxygen bonds consist of a particular covalent character in sulfate complexes.
The sulfate ion is a conjugate base of bisulfate ion, HSO₄⁻ (hydrogen sulphate), and a conjugate base of sulphuric acid, H₂SO₄. The organic esters of sulphate like dimethyl sulphate come under esters of sulphuric acid and covalent compounds.
Preparation of Sulphate
There are usually two methods to prepare sulfates.
Oxidation of metal sulphites and sulfides. However, the formation of sulfate as the final state of oxidation may be determined by consecutive reactions that are critically dependent on other factors such as the catalyst, etc.
Sulphates can be prepared by treating metal hydroxide, metal oxide, and pure metal with sulfuric acid. Some of the examples are:
\[Ba(CIO_3)2+H_2SO_4\rightarrow 2HCIO_3+BaSO_4\]
\[Zn+H_2SO_4\rightarrow ZnSO_4+H_2\]
\[Cu(OH)_2+H_2SO_4\rightarrow CuSO_4+2H_2O\]
During the preparation of sulfate remember that sulfuric acid should be deprotonated twice, if it occurs only once, then hydrogen sulfate ion is made.
Sulphate Examples
Here are some examples of sulphates.
Magnesium Sulphate
Copper Sulphate
Gypsum
Sodium Sulphate
Iron (II) Sulphate
Hydrogen Sulphate
Calcium Sulphate
Lead Sulphate
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Sulphate Uses
Sulphates are easily available in nature and also easily synthesized in industries. Therefore, this chemical compound has applications in a wide variety of products. Some of the sulfate uses are listed below.
Magnesium sulfate is used in therapeutic baths.
Sulphate minerals are used in the making of metal salts.
Copper sulfate is the most common algaecide.
They are used in detergents, emulsifiers, and foaming agents.
Gypsum is a natural form of hydrated calcium sulfate used in the making of plasters.
Sulphate compounds are also found in cosmetic products such as toothpaste, body sprays, lotions, make-up, soaps, shampoos, etc.
They are used in construction.
They are powerful surfactants and are found in most products that are used to remove grease from heavy machinery.
Copper sulfate is used in the electricity domain and barium sulfate is used in water treatment.
Sulfites are added to cleaning products to make them more effective cleaners.
Sulphate Effects and Hazards
Some of the popular hazards and health effects are:
Naturally, sulfates can occur as microscopic particles called aerosols which is a result of fossil fuel and biomass combustion. This can lead to an increase in the acidity of the atmosphere and the formation of acid rain.
As for the effects on humans, it can cause dryness of skin, ruin hair cuticles, and they usually leave the hair with a negative charge.
Sulphur and its allotropic forms
Sulphur belongs to group 6 of solid nonmetals in the periodic table along with oxygen and other elements. After oxygen, sulphur is quite a reactive element especially at high temperatures which help in breaking of A-S bonds in S8 molecules. sulphur burns in air and reacts directly with carbon, Phosphorus ,arsenic and many metals . oxidising acids oxidize it into SO₂ and alkalis dissolve it to give sulfides and thiosulfate it reacts with H₂ and halogens. The sulphides are stable compounds and many metals are found in nature in the form of sulphites. In this article we are going to learn various allotropic components of sulphur. The various allotropes of sulphur are rhombic, monoclinic, plastic and amorphous.
Allotropic forms of of sulphur :
sulphur exist in several allotropic forms which may be classified into following categories:
Homocyclic species containing 6-20 sulphur atoms.
a. rhombic orthorhombic sulphur.
b. monoclinic sulphur cyclo S6 form.
different chain polymers known as catena Sn sulphur.
unstable small molecules
preparation of milk sulphur
preparation of colloidal sulphur with hydrogen and nitric acid.
Various forms of sulphur :
sulphur can be classified into various forms like Sulphur dioxide ,sulphur trioxide, sulfuric acid .sulphur has a strong tendency for catenation and chemical reactivity rather than other elements .that is why it can be converted into various other forms .there are various uses of sulphur here are the 10 uses of of sulphur in chemical industry in dyes drugs Paints pigments and detergents in Fertilizer industry in the manufacture of explosives in petroleum refining in Metallurgy in pickling in leather industry for tanning as a laboratory reagent production of Lead Storage batteries as electrolyte
FAQs on Sulphate
1.what are multiple uses of sulphur?
There are various uses of sulphur here are the 10 uses of sulphur.
in chemical industry
in dyes, drugs, Paints, pigments and detergents.
in Fertilizer industry
in the manufacture of explosives
in petroleum refining
in Metallurgy
in pickling
in leather industry for tanning
as a laboratory reagent
production of Lead Storage batteries as electrolyte.
2. What are physical properties of sulfuric acid?
Both sulfuric acid and sulphate ions have tetrahedral structure in which sulphur is hybridised .
The physical properties of sulfuric acid are:
Pure Concentrated sulfuric acid is a colourless syrupy liquid .
concentrated sulfuric acid has specific gravity and it freezes into colorless crystals.
It is highly corrosive and produces burns on the skin.
sulfuric acid has higher boiling point and a high viscosity because its molecules are associated due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. When sulphuric acid dissolves in water a large amount of heat is produced which may spurt the acid out of the container .Hence care must be taken while preparing dilute sulphuric acid from concentrated sulphuric acid.
3. Why is sulphuric acid called the king of chemicals?
Sulfuric acid in ancient times was called oil of vitriol as it was prepared by distilling ferrous sulphate... sulphuric acid is considered the king of chemicals because the prosperity of any country is measured by the amount of sulfuric acid it consumes. sulfuric acid is a chemical of great commercial importance as it is used practically in every important industry. sulfuric acid can be manufactured by contact process which involves following steps :
production of SO2 by burning sulphur or sulphur ores. For example , iron pyrites in air.
catalytic oxidation of Sulphur dioxide by air to give sulphur trioxide.
4. What are the various parts of plants which produce sulfuric acid?
The factory consists of the following parts:
pyrite or sulphur burners :
Sulphur dioxide is produced by roasting pyrites or by burning sulphur in air.
purifying unit. it consists of following parts:
dust remover
scrubber or washer.
drier
arsenic purifier.
catalytic converter.
absorption Tower.
5.What are other non metallic metals like sulphur are studied by students of chemistry?
Other Than sulphur there are 11 more non metals present in the periodic table which are studied by students in chemistry.The introduction to atoms and their various theories are studied by students in std 8.They study about metals and non metals , their atomic configuration, and properties.