What is BCG? Understanding Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine
BCG Full Form stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, a vaccine primarily used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It was developed in 1921 and is widely used across the world, especially in countries where TB is common.
Understanding how BCG works can help people make informed decisions about vaccination and TB prevention. This guide is designed for students, parents, and anyone looking for easy-to-understand information about the BCG vaccine and its role in public health.
What is BCG?
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a vaccine used primarily to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It is made from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a bacterium related to TB. Apart from its role in TB prevention, BCG is also used in bladder cancer treatment to activate the immune system against cancer cells.
How is BCG Given?
1. For Tuberculosis Prevention
Administered as a single injection in the upper arm, usually at birth or in infancy.
Mostly given in countries where TB is widespread.
2. For Bladder Cancer Treatment
Introduced directly into the bladder through a catheter.
Stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells and prevent recurrence.
What are the Side Effects of BCG?
1. Common Side Effects
Redness, swelling, or small sore at the injection site (for TB vaccination).
Mild fever, fatigue, and body aches.
Pain, burning, or increased urination frequency (for bladder cancer therapy).
2. Rare but Serious Side Effects
Severe allergic reactions (extremely rare).
BCG infection in people with weakened immune systems.
Most side effects are mild and disappear within a few weeks.
Who Should Not Receive BCG?
The BCG vaccine is not recommended for:
People with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV-positive individuals).
Patients undergoing chemotherapy or immunosuppressive treatment.
Pregnant women (BCG is not advised during pregnancy).
People with severe skin conditions at the injection site.
Before getting the vaccine, a doctor should assess individual risks and benefits.
Is BCG Effective?
For Tuberculosis: BCG is effective in preventing severe forms of TB like tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB, especially in children. However, its effectiveness against adult pulmonary TB varies.
For Bladder Cancer: BCG immunotherapy reduces cancer recurrence and is a standard treatment for non-invasive bladder cancer.
While BCG does not guarantee complete protection, it significantly lowers the risk of severe complications.
How Long, Does BCG Last?
For TB: The immunity provided by BCG lasts about 10-15 years, but its protection may weaken over time.
For Bladder Cancer: The treatment is usually given in multiple sessions, with long-term monitoring required to prevent recurrence.
What are the Risks Associated with BCG?
While BCG is considered safe, certain risks exist:
BCG Infection: In rare cases, the weakened bacteria can spread, causing complications in people with weak immune systems.
Severe Reaction at Injection Site: Some may experience persistent sores or ulcers.
Urinary Problems in Bladder Cancer Patients: Temporary discomfort, blood in urine, or irritation may occur.
Conclusion
The BCG vaccine is a key tool in preventing tuberculosis and is also widely used in bladder cancer treatment. While its protection against TB varies by age and region, it remains an essential part of global healthcare. Understanding who should receive it, its benefits, and potential risks ensures safer and more informed use of the vaccine.
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FAQs on BCG Full Form – Bacillus Calmette- Guérin
1. What is the full form of BCG?
BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB).
2. What is the BCG vaccine used for?
It helps protect against TB, especially severe forms like TB meningitis in children.
3. Who should get the BCG vaccine?
It is given to newborns and infants in countries where TB is common to provide early protection.
4. How does the BCG vaccine work?
It trains the immune system to recognise and fight tuberculosis bacteria, reducing the risk of severe TB.
5. At what age is the BCG vaccine given?
It is usually administered at birth or within the first few months of life as part of routine immunisation.
6. Does BCG provide lifelong protection?
Protection may weaken over time, but it still helps prevent severe TB-related complications.
7. What are the side effects of the BCG vaccine?
Common side effects include a small swelling at the injection site, mild fever, and a scar.
8. Can adults take the BCG vaccine?
It is mainly given to children, but adults at high TB risk may receive it in some cases.
9. Why is the BCG vaccine not given in some countries?
Countries with low TB rates do not include it in routine immunisation programs due to lower risk.
10. Does BCG protect against other diseases?
Some studies suggest it may boost immunity against infections beyond TB, but more research is needed.
