ARDS Full Form – Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung condition that leads to breathing difficulties and low oxygen levels in the blood. It is often triggered by infections, trauma, or severe illnesses. ARDS requires immediate medical attention and can be life-threatening if not managed properly. With early intervention and proper treatment, many patients recover, but some may experience long-term lung complications. Understanding its symptoms, causes, and available treatments can help in recognising and managing this critical condition.

What is ARDS?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a condition where fluid builds up in the lungs, making it difficult for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. It often results from severe infections, injuries, or medical conditions that cause inflammation. Patients with ARDS struggle to breathe and may require ventilator support to maintain oxygen levels.

Causes of ARDS

ARDS can be caused by various conditions, including-

• Sepsis – A life-threatening infection that spreads throughout the body.

• Pneumonia – Severe lung infections can trigger lung inflammation.

• Trauma or Injury – Accidents, burns, or chest injuries can lead to ARDS.

• Aspiration– Inhaling harmful substances, such as vomit or chemicals.

• COVID-19 and Other Viral Infections – Severe respiratory infections can contribute to ARDS development.

Symptoms of ARDS

The main symptoms of ARDS include-

• Severe shortness of breath – Difficulty in breathing even at rest.

• Low blood oxygen levels– Resulting in bluish skin (cyanosis).

• Rapid breathing (Tachypnoea) – Increased respiratory rate.

• Extreme fatigue – Due to insufficient oxygen reaching the muscles.

• Confusion or Dizziness – Lack of oxygen to the brain can cause mental fog.

If these symptoms occur suddenly, immediate medical attention is required.

How is ARDS Diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose ARDS using a combination of-

• Physical Examination – Checking for abnormal lung sounds and breathing difficulty.

• Blood Tests – Measuring oxygen levels in the blood.

• Chest X-ray or CT Scan– Identifies fluid accumulation in the lungs.

• Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Test – Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes and helps prevent severe complications.

Treatment Options for ARDS

Medical Treatments-

• Oxygen Therapy – Supplemental oxygen to maintain oxygen levels.

• Mechanical Ventilation – A ventilator helps with breathing in severe cases.

• Medications – Anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics for underlying infections.

Lifestyle & Supportive Care-

• Prone Positioning – Lying on the stomach improves lung function.

• Fluid Management – Controlling fluid levels prevents further lung damage.

• Rehabilitation & Physiotherapy – Helps recover lung function post-ARDS.

Complications of ARDS

ARDS can lead to severe complications, including-

• Lung Scarring (Fibrosis) – Permanent damage to lung tissues.

• Chronic Breathing Problems– Some patients develop long-term respiratory issues.

• Organ Failure– Oxygen deprivation can affect vital organs.

• Mental Health Issues – Depression, anxiety, or PTSD can occur post-recovery.

Prevention of ARDS

Though ARDS cannot always be prevented, you can lower the risk by-

• Avoiding smoking – Reduces lung inflammation and infections.

• Managing infections promptly– Early treatment of pneumonia or sepsis.

• Wearing protective masks – Prevents inhalation of harmful chemicals.

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle – Regular exercise and a balanced diet support lung health.

Conclusion

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition requiring urgent medical care. While it has serious complications, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve survival rates. Awareness about symptoms, causes, and preventive measures can help in early detection and management. Patients recovering from ARDS should focus on long-term lung health and follow medical advice to prevent future complications. With proper medical attention, many individuals can recover and regain normal respiratory function.

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