Concise Biology Class 10 ICSE Solutions for Chapter 8 - The circulatory system

A. Multiple choice questions

1. Non-granular WBCs are:

(a) lymphocytes and monocytes

(b) lymphocytes and basophils

(c) eosinophils and basophils

(d) eosinophils and monocytes

Ans: (a) lymphocytes and monocytes

2. White blood cells engulf bacteria in a process called:

(a) diapedesis

(b) phagocytosis

(c) active transport

(d) passive transport

Ans: (b) phagocytosis

3. The nearest organ to which the heart supplies oxygenated blood is

(a) Lung

(b) Stomach

(c) Intestine

(d) Heart itself

Ans: (d) Heart itself

4. When a doctor is recording your pulse, he is pressing on your wrist exactly on a

(a) vein

(b) capillary

(c) artery

(d) arteriole

Ans: (c) artery

5. Angina Pectoris is due to

(a) defective nutrition

(b) chest pain due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle

(c) defective functioning of mitral valve

(d) infection by a virus

Ans: (b) chest pain due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle

6. The chief function of lymph nodes is to

(a) produce WBCs

(b) produce hormones

(c) destroy old RBCs

(d) destroy pathogens

Ans: (d) destroy pathogens

7. Heart sounds are produced due to

(a) closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves

(b) rushing of blood through valves producing turbulence

(c) closure of atrioventricular and semilunar valves

(d) entry of blood into auricles

Ans: (a) closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves

B. Very Short Answer Type

1. Given below are certain structures, write their chief functional activity.

(a) Blood platelets ------

Ans: (a) Blood platelets and blood coagulation

(b) Neutrophils -----

Ans: (b) Neutrophils and phagocytosis

(c) Erythrocytes -----

Ans: (c) Erythrocytes and transportation of gases

(d) Lymphocytes -----

Ans: (d) Lymphocytes and Produce antibodies

(e) Bone marrow -----

Ans: (e) Bone marrow and destruction of old and weak RBC's/production of RBCs and WBCs.

2. Name the following:

(a) The cells transport oxygen to the different parts of the human body.

Ans: (a) Red Blood Cells

(b) The cells that initiate blood clotting.

Ans: (b) Blood Platelets

3. Name the following:

(a) Any one vein which starts from an organ and ends in another organ besides the heart.

Ans: (a) Hepatic portal vein

(b) The kind of blood vessels which have no muscular walls.

Ans: (b) Blood Capillaries

(c) Any artery which carries impure (deoxygenated) blood.

Ans: (c) Pulmonary artery

(d) The kind of blood cells which can squeeze out through the walls of one category of blood vessels.

Ans: (d) White blood cells

(e) The smallest common blood vessels formed by the union of capillaries.

Ans: (e) Venules

(f) The category of blood vessels which start from capillaries and end in capillaries.

Ans: (f) Portal vein

(g) The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the auricles contract.

Ans: (g) Atrial systole

(h) The valve is present in between the chambers on the right side of the human heart.

Ans: (h) Tricuspid valve

(i) The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles get filled with blood from the atrium.

Ans: (i) Atrial systole

(j) The fluid found between the membranes of the heart.

Ans: (j) Pericardial fluid

4. Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks from the choices given in the brackets.

(a) The blood vessel that begins and ends in capillaries is the ______. (hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein)

Ans: (a) The blood vessel that begins and ends in capillaries is the hepatic portal vein.

(b) A blood vessel that has a small lumen and a thick wall is _______. (capillary, lymphatic duct, artery, venule)

Ans: (b) A blood vessel that has a small lumen and the thick wall is an artery.

(c) The valve which prevents the backflow of blood in the veins and lymph vessels ______. (mitral valve, tricuspid valve, semilunar valve)

Ans: (c) The valve which prevents the backflow of blood in the veins and lymph vessels is a semilunar valve.

(d) An anticoagulant present in the blood is _______.(heparin, hirudin, thromboplastin, calcium)

Ans: (d) An anticoagulant present in the blood is heparin.

5. Note the relationship between the first two words and suggest the suitable word/words for the fourth place:

(a) Lubb: Atrio-ventricular valve:: Dub:_______

Ans: (a) Lubb: Atrio-ventricular valve:: Dub: Semilunar valves

(b) Coronary artery: Heart::Hepatic artery:______

Ans: (b) Coronary artery: Heart::Hepatic artery: Liver

6. Given the reason, why does a matured mammalian erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and mitochondria?

Ans: A matured mammalian erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and mitochondria. The lack of a nucleus increases the surface area-volume ratio of RBCs, thus increasing the area for oxygen absorption. Also, the lack of a nucleus reduces the size of the cell, making it easy to flow through the blood vessels and more cells can be accommodated in a small area.

The lack of mitochondria implies that the cell does not use any oxygen absorbed for respiration, thus increasing the efficiency of the cell to transport oxygen as all the oxygen absorbed is transported without any loss.

C. Short Answer type

1. Enumerate the structural differences between white blood cells and red blood cells.

Ans: Structural Differences between White Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells:

2. Why is it necessary to know the blood groups before giving a transfusion?

Ans: During a blood transfusion, it is necessary to know the blood groups before transfusion because of the compatibility issues of the donor and recipient blood. In case of an incompatible blood transfusion, the recipient develops antibodies that attack the antigens present on the RBCs of the donor causing the blood cells to clump together which may result in death.

3. Differentiate between members of each of the following pairs with reference to phrases in brackets:

(a) Antibodies and Antibiotics (Source)

Ans: (a) Differences between antibodies and antibiotics based on their source:

(b) Serum and Vaccine (Composition)

Ans: (b) Differences between serum and vaccine based on their composition:

(c) Erythrocytes and leucocytes (function)

Ans: (c) Differences between erythrocytes and leucocytes based on their function:

(d) Tricuspid and bicuspid valves (location)

Ans: (d) Differences between tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve based on their location:

4. Why do people have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the chest?

Ans: Actually, the heart is not present on the left side of the heart. It is present in the middle of the chest and is slightly tilted towards the left. This tilt makes us feel that the heart is present on the left side of the stomach. 

5. Match the items in column A with those in column B. Rewrite the correct matching pair.

Ans: The answers to column A are written in front of column B. 

D. Descriptive type

1. Define the following terms:

(a) Circulatory system: It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood capillaries. It is responsible for the transport of various substances into the body. 

(b) Blood: Blood is the circulating fluid that is present in the heart and in the blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries of the circulatory system.

(c) Heart: The heart is the muscular pumping organ that pushes the blood around the body and has different chambers such as the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle to prevent the mixing of oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide-rich blood.

(d) Diapedesis: Diapedesis is the squeezing of leucocytes through the wall of capillaries into the tissues.

(e) Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is the process in which most WBCs and particularly the neutrophils engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria.

(f) Rh factor: Rh factor is an inherited antigen often found on the blood cells. Some individuals have these antigens and are thus Rh positive (Rh+) while others who do not have this antigen are Rh negative (Rh-)

2. Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Systole and Diastole

Ans: (a) Differences between systole and diastole:

(b) Arteriole and Venule

Ans: (b) Differences between arteriole and venule:

(c) Universal donor and Universal recipient

Ans: (c) Differences between the universal donor and universal recipient:

(d) Arteries and Veins

Ans: (d) Differences between arteries and veins:

(e) Haemoglobin and Chlorophyll

Ans: (e) Differences between hemoglobin and chlorophyll:

3. Give reasons/explain:

(a) The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

Ans: (a) The left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest points in the body such as the feet, the toes, and the brain against gravity while the right ventricle pumps the blood only up to the lungs. Therefore, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

(b) The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

Ans: (b) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation whereas the right auricle receives the blood from vena cavae and passes it to the right ventricle. Therefore, the walls of the right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

(c) Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.

Ans: (c) The mechanism of blood clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors. Thrombokinase activates an enzyme called prothrombin activator. The enzyme prothrombin activator then converts plasma protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is the enzyme that in turn converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a clot at the wound site. Prothrombin is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin. Hence, Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting. 

4. Write important role/roles of the following:

Ans: (a) Tonsils: They are located on the sides of the neck. They are lymph glands. They tend to localize the infection and prevent it from spreading in the body as a whole.

Ans: (b) Spleen: The spleen is a large lymphatic organ. It is known as the graveyard of the RBCs.  

Ans: (c) Hepatic portal vein: The hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents. 

Ans: (d) Basophils: They are a type of granular WBCs that release chemicals called histamine for inflammation which dilate blood vessels.

Ans: (e) S.A.N.: They are known as Sinoatrial nodes. It is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart. The action potential required for the rhythmic contractile activity of the heart is generated at the SA node. When the impulse is initiated, it results in the atrial systole.

5. What is meant by the term 'Double circulation'? Distinguish between the two types of circulation in our body.

Ans: Double circulation is a process during which blood passes twice through the heart during one complete cycle. The flow of blood in the heart consists of two phases-

1. The short pulmonary (lung) circulation

2. The long systemic (general body) circulation

Differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation:

6. What are the main steps in coagulation of blood in their correct sequence?

Ans: Blood clotting or coagulation occurs in a series of the following steps:

(a) The injured tissue cells and the platelets disintegrate at the site of the wound to release thromboplastin.

(b) The thromboplastin with the help of calcium ions converts inactive prothrombin into active thrombin.

(c) Thrombin in the presence of calcium ions converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin which forms a mesh or network at the site of the wound.

(d) The blood cells trapped in this network shrink and squeeze out the plasma to leave behind a solid mass known as the clot.

7. What are the functions of blood plasma?

Ans: The functions of blood plasma are:

(a) Transports of digested food from the alimentary canal to tissues.

(b) Transports excretory materials from tissues to excretory organs.

(c) Distributes hormones from the glands to their target site.

(d) Distributes heat in the body to maintain the body temperature.

8. State any five functions of the blood.

Ans: The functions of the blood are:

(a) Transport of digested food from the alimentary canal to tissues. These substances are simple sugars like glucose, amino acids, vitamins, mineral salts, etc.

(b) Transport of oxygen in the form of an unstable compound 'oxyhemoglobin' from the lungs to the tissues.

(c) Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

(d) Transport of excretory materials from the tissues to the liver, kidney, or the skin for elimination.

(e) Distribution of hormones from glands to the target sites.

(f) Distribution of heat to keep the body temperature uniform.

9. How do you account for the following differences?

(a) The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

Ans: The left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest points in the body such as the feet, the toes, and the brain against gravity while the right ventricle pumps the blood only up to the lungs. Therefore, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

(b) The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

Ans: The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation whereas the right auricle receives the blood from the vena cavae and passes it to the right ventricle. Therefore, the walls of the right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

11. What is meant by the term 'double circulation of blood in mammals? What is diastole?

Ans: Blood flows twice in the heart before it completes one full cycle. This process of blood circulation in the human body is called double circulation.

The expansion or relaxation phase of the atria is called diastole.

E. Structure/application/skill type

1. Given below is a diagram of a smear of human blood. Study the same and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicated by guidelines.

(b) Mention two structural differences between the parts labeled 1 and 2.

(c) What is the main function of the parts labeled 1, 2, and 3 respectively?

(d) What is the life span of the part labeled "1"?

(e) Name a soluble protein found in "4" which helps in clotting of blood.

Ans: 

(a) 1 → Red Blood Cell (RBC),

2 → White Blood Cell (WBC),

3 → Blood Platelet

4 → Blood Plasma.

(b) The red blood cells are minute biconcave disc-like structures whereas the white blood cells are amoeboid.

(c) Function of part 1 (RBC): Transport of respiratory gases to the tissues and from the tissues, transport of nutrients from the alimentary canal to the tissues.

The function of part 2 (WBC): WBCs play a major role in the defense mechanism and immunity of the body.

The function of part 3 (Blood Platelet): Blood platelets are the initiator of blood clotting.

(d) The average life span of a red blood cell (RBC) is about 120 days.

(e) Thromboplastin

2. Given below is a highly schematic diagram of the human blood circulatory system.

(a) Which part (state the number) represents the heart? Give reason in support of your answer.

(b) Which numbers represent the following respectively?

Aorta

Hepatic portal vein

Pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Renal vein

Stomach

Ans: 

(a) structure 3 represents the heart. It forms the center of double circulation and is located between the liver and the head (as per the diagram). Also, the blood circulation (indicated by 1) begins from the heart to the lungs.

(b) The numbers that represent the following are: 

3. The figures are given below show diagrammatic cross-sections of three kinds of blood vessels.

(a) Identify the blood vessels A, B, and C.

(b) Name the parts labeled 1-4.

(c) Mention two structural differences between A and B.

(d) Name the kinds of blood that flow through A and through B respectively.

(e) In which one of the above vessels referred to in (a) above does the exchanges of gases actually take place?

Ans: 

(a) A- Artery, B-Vein, C-Capillary

(b) 1 - External layer made of connective tissue

2 - Lumen

3 - Middle layer of smooth muscles and elastic fibers

4 - Endothelium

(c) An artery has thick muscular walls and a narrow lumen. It does not have any valve. A vein on the other hand has thin muscular walls and a wider lumen. It has valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

(d) A (Artery)- Oxygenated blood, B (Vein)- Deoxygenated blood

(e) At the capillary level, the actual exchange of gases takes place.

4. The diagram given below represents the human heart in one phase of its activity. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the phase

(b) Which part of the heart is contracting in this phase? Give a reason to support your answer.

(c) Name the parts numbered 1 to 6.

(d) What type of blood flows through the parts marked '1' and '2'?

(e) How many valves are closed in this phase?

Ans: 

(a) Atrial Diastole and Ventricular Systole

(b) Ventricular muscles are contracting during this phase because the valves between the two ventricles and pulmonary artery and aorta are open while the atrioventricular valves are closed.

(c) 

(d) Part 1 (Pulmonary artery) → Deoxygenated blood

Part 2 (Aorta) → Oxygenated Blood

(e) Two i.e., bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed in this phase.

5. Study the following diagram carefully and then answer the questions that follow:

a. Name the cell labelled 1.

b. Identify the phenomenon occurring in A.

c. Mention two structural differences between 1 and 2.

d. Name the process occurring in B and C and state the importance of this process in the human body.

Ans: 

a.  1 - Red blood cell

b. Diapedesis

c.  

d. The process which occurs in B and C is phagocytosis. In this process, the WBCs engulf the foreign particles and destroy them, thus preventing the occurrence of disease.

6. Given below is a diagrammatic representation of certain types of blood vessels in the human body.

a. Identify the types of blood vessels numbered 1 to 5.

b. Where can such an arrangement be found as an example - in lungs or in heart walls?

Ans: 

a.  

1 - Arteriole

2 - Artery

3 - Venule

4 - Capillaries

5 - Vein

b. Such an arrangement can be observed in the lungs.

7. The diagram below shows part of the capillary bed in an organ of the human body. Some of the blood arriving at the capillaries at points labeled A, moves out into the spaces between the tissue cells. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:

(a) When the liquid from the blood surrounds the cells, what is it called?

(b) Name any one important component of the blood which remains inside the capillaries and fails to move out into the spaces.

(c) Some of the liquid surrounding the cells does not pass directly back into the blood but eventually reaches it by another route through vessel X. name the fluid present in vessel X.

(d) State two important functions performed in our body by the fluid present in vessel X.

Ans: 

(a) Tissue Fluid

(b) Red blood cells

(c) Lymph

(d) The lymph supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach. The lymph drains away excess tissue fluids and metabolites and returns proteins to the blood from tissue spaces.

About Selina Concise Biology Class 10 ICSE Solutions for Chapter 9

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