Introduction of Likert's System
Rensis Likert established management styles called Likert's management systems in the 1960s. To characterize the interaction, engagement, and roles of managers and subordinates in industrial contexts, he proposed four management systems. He developed the procedures based on research conducted with highly productive managers and their teams at an American insurance company. Later, he and Jane G. Likert altered the methods so that they could be applied in educational contexts. They were created to define the duties of principals, students, and teachers; however, other stakeholders like superintendents, administrators, and parents were subsequently added.
Rensis Likert and his colleagues at the University of Michigan in the United States studied the patterns and styles of managers for three decades and established a four-fold model of management systems. The model was developed using information from a poll of over 200 managers as well as research into the performance characteristics of various types of firms.
There are four management systems or four leadership styles, according to Likert:
System 1 - Exploitative Authoritative
System 2 - Benevolent Authoritative
System 3 - Consultative
System 4 - Participative
Likert Management System
The Likert’s Management System was developed by Rensis Likert in the 1960s. Rensis Likert with his associates observed the different patterns and styles of management in various fields. He observed the styles for around three decades and came up with the Likert’s Management System. After years of observation and research, he outlined four styles of management which described the relationships, involvement and roles of managers and subordinates in an industrial setting. The observation of Likert was carried out at Michigan University, USA.
The Four styles that were given by Likert were called Likert's Leadership Styles. Likert developed these leadership styles with thorough research of various organizations. He also took the help of questionnaires which were distributed to managers from over 200 different types of organizations.
After the successful development of the four leadership styles, Likert tried to modify the styles to suit the educational institutions.
Likert’s Four Styles of Leadership
The Likert’s Management system consisted of four styles and they are Exploitative Authoritative, Benevolent Authoritative, Consultative and Participative. The four styles were developed with a lot of research and observation. These systems indicate the stages of evolution of patterns of management in different organizations. The system consists of different variables such as motivation, Influence, Leadership, communication, Interaction and decision making. Here we will discuss in detail the Likert’s Leadership Styles.
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Exploitative Authoritative System
It is the first system in Likert's Leadership Styles. Under this style Likert states that the ultimate power lies in the hands of the top subordinates. The Top management makes the policies and rules and the employees in the lower level are bound to follow the instructions given to them by their superiors. Here, it is observed that the workers at the lower level do not feel free to discuss their work with their superiors. The communication and teamwork in this system are very little.
The leaders in the system of Exploitative authoritative have a lower level of concern for their employees. They use threats or methods that involve fear to achieve their work. The method of threat works well and the employees work efficiently upon entering the organization. The leaders are ignorant of the psychological feelings of the employees and the communication between them is almost nil.
In this type of system, the upper management burdens employees with a heavy workload and they are to finish the work without fail. The monetary benefits and work satisfaction in this type of system is very less.
Benevolent Authoritative System
Under this system of Likert’s, it is observed that the authority lies in the hands of the managers and not in the hands of the lower-level workers. The superiors have a small amount of confidence and trust in the employees. The superiors have less control over the employees. They do not use methods of threats. However, the employees are rewarded and punished as per their performance in the organization.
In this system of management, the employees are involved in some of the decision making processes. But the ultimate power lies in the hands of the superiors. Here also the communication is very little and the employees do not feel free to share their work experience with the superiors.
Consultative System
This is the third style of leadership given by Likert. In this system, Likert has stated that responsibility and authority are spread widely throughout the organization. The subordinates in the different levels of the organizations are given different responsibilities. The employees and subordinates work as a team on certain decisions. There is fair communication between the employees and the superiors. However, the power to form policies and rules lies in the hands of the top management.
Under this system, the employees are rewarded for better performance and at the same time, they are also punished for bad performances. The employees are free to communicate with their superiors and subordinates. They can share their work-related issues with the superiors freely. The system promotes a healthy work environment for the employees and motivates them to work efficiently.
Participative System
This is the last style of leadership given by Likert. Under this style, Likert states that the power and responsibility to achieve the goals of the organization is distributed among all the employees and subordinates in the organization. According to this system, each employee has a certain role to play in the success of the organization. The superiors have the utmost confidence and trust in their employees.
The employees are made to participate in the decision-making process of the organization. The system states that there is a continuous flow of information in both an upward and downward direction. The employees are provided with a healthy work environment and they are motivated continuously by their superiors.
FAQs on Likert’s System of Management
1. What do you Mean By Leadership?
Leadership can be defined as the process by which a superior can motivate, influence, direct and guide the behaviour and attitude of an employee to accomplish organizational goals. Leadership is the most important quality that a manager or an entrepreneur should possess to accomplish the goals of the organization. A good leader can induce and motivate the subordinates to work with confidence and efficiency. Leadership is the ability of a manager to motivate a group of people to work towards the accomplishment of a common goal. Leadership is required the most to develop future goals and achieve them.
2. Discuss the Participative Style of Leadership in Detail.
In the Participative system of leadership given by Likert, He states that the employees under this system are free to participate in the decision-making processes of the organization. The superiors have the utmost trust and confidence in their employees. There exist coordination and teamwork throughout the organization. The employees are motivated with various rewards for better and effective performance. The employees are also free to share their issues and experiences relating to work with their subordinates. This system provides employees with a healthy working environment.
3. What are system 1 and system 2 of Likert’s System of Management?
Exploitative Authoritative and Benevolent Authoritative is system 1 and system 2 respectively.
System 1 - Exploitative Authoritative: People in the top echelons of the hierarchy bear responsibility. The superior has no faith in his or her subordinates. Subordinates are forced to accept choices and do not feel free to speak with their superiors about work-related difficulties. There is minimal teamwork or communication, and the incentive is focused on threats.
System 2 - Benevolent Authoritative: The executive levels bear responsibility, but not the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. In the case of subordinates, the boss has the trust and trust (master-slave relationship) that looks down on him. Again, subordinates do not feel comfortable discussing work-related issues with their boss. There is little teamwork or communication, and motivation is centered on a reward system.
4. Explain, what is system number 3 and system number 4 of Likert’s System of Management?
System 3 and System 4 are-
System 3 - Consultative: The organizational hierarchy distributes responsibility widely. The superior has a lot of faith in his or her subordinates, but not total faith. There is a dialogue between your boss and your subordinates on work-related issues. Cooperation is good and communication is both vertical and horizontal.
Employees are motivated by rewards and interest in the job.
System 4 - Participative: The responsibility for attaining the organization's objectives is distributed throughout the hierarchy. The supervisor has high regard for his subordinates. Collaboration, communication, and participation are all at a very high level.
5. What is the nature of Likert systems?
Likert used a profile of organizational traits to define the nature of these four management systems. In this profile, the four management systems have been compared based on several organizational aspects, including:
Leadership processes
Motivational forces
Communication process
Interaction-influence process
Decision-making process
Goal-setting or ordering
Control processes
Based on the profile, Likert decided to distribute a questionnaire to several employees from various firms and managerial positions all around and it included both lines as well as staff. According to his findings, departments or units that used management methods from Systems 1 and 2 were the least productive, while those that used management practices from Systems 3 and 4 were the most productive.
6. What is Likert’s Systems of Management Leadership?
Rensis Likert was the Director of Michigan's Institute of Social Sciences. To understand leadership behavior, he performed significant research for three decades with the support of 40 researchers. New Patterns of Management (1961), Human Organization (1962), and New Patterns of Management (1963) were among his most well-known works (1967).
Traditional job-oriented supervision, he believed, was the source of low productivity and morale. In terms of decision-making, he emphasized participative management. He has presented four management systems as a continuum (in his management system).
Likert has collected seven variables from several management systems and analyzed them. Leadership, motivation, communication, interaction influence, decision-making process, goal-setting process, and control process are some of these variables.
7. What are three variables isolated by Likert?
The three variables represent the system 4 ideas as a whole.
These are the following:
the use of supportive relationships by managers;
the use of group decision-making and group methods of supervision;
his high-performance goals.
The notion of ‘linking pin' was established by Likert to integrate individual and organizational goals. Some people belong to more than one group. These individuals serve as a 'linking pin,' acting as leaders for the lower groups while also being members of the upper groupings. This approach features an upward direction and a 51-item decision-making scale for evaluating individual leaders' leadership styles.