Separation of Mixture

Introduction

One issue that arises regularly in chemistry is the separation of the mixture's constituent parts. Separation theory is based on the idea that elements in a mixture might have various physical and chemical characteristics. The constituents are unadulterated elements or compounds. Every sample of a pure substance has the same qualities under the same pressure and temperature conditions. Every sample exhibits the same melting point, boiling point, solubility in a specific solvent, etc. When two or more non-reacting chemicals are combined, the mixture's constituent parts preserve their own identities and attributes, and these properties are generally exploited for the separation of the mixture’s constituent parts. 

Table of content

• Aim

• Separation of Camphor

• Separation of Sand

• Separation of Common Salt

• Result

Aim

To separate the components of a mixture of sand, common salt, and camphor by sublimation.

Apparatus Required

• Sand, common Salt (NaCl)

• Camphor, 

• Filter Paper

• Funnel

• China Dish

• Tripod Stand

• Wire Gauze

• Beaker

• Glass Rod

• Burner

• Cotton Plug

Theory

1. Sublimation is defined as the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid

2. Camphor turns into vapour when heated. It is known as sublimation. Sand and regular salt, in comparison, do not sublime. So, by using the sublimation technique, camphor may be easily extracted from a combination that also contains ordinary salt and sand. Camphor vaporizes when heated, leaving the non-volatile components behind. Camphor turns from a liquid to a solid when it is cooled. 

3. Solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. 

4. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.

5. Common salt is soluble in water, but sand is not soluble in water.

6. Sand particles stay on the filter paper when a mixture of common salt and sand in water is passed through the filter paper.

7. Evaporation is a technique used to separate out homogeneous mixtures.

8. Common salt can be extracted by evaporation from a solution of common salt in water.

9. Sublimation, filtration, and evaporation procedures are used to separate the various components of a mixture of camphor common salt and sand.

Procedure 

1. Separation of Camphor

1. Place the sand, Camphor, and common salt combination in a China dish, then top it with an upside-down funnel.

2. Cover the funnel's opening with cotton.

3. Gently heat the China dish by setting it over a tripod stand.

4. Track the adjustments. Camphor is seen to go through sublimation, meaning that it produces vapours that condense on the funnel's cooler sides.

5. Remove the condensed camphor from the funnel's interior walls with a scraper. 

6. Sand and regular salt are present in the mixture that does not sublimate and remains in the China dish.

Separation of Camphor

1. Separation of Sand

1. Now, we will add water to the non-sublimate mixture.

2. Using a clean glass rod, stir the mixture.

3. Filter the mixture.

4. Sand is collected as the residue on the filter paper, whereas a common salt solution is obtained as the filtrate.

Separation of Sand

3. Separation of Common Salt

1. Take the filtrate and put it in a China dish.

2. Dry the filtrate to the point where sodium chloride (common salt), which is left behind as the water evaporates, is left in the China dish.

Separation of Salt

Observations

Result

Sublimation, Filtration, and Evaporation are used to separate the mixture of Camphor, sand, and table salt.

Precautions

1. Be careful during heating experiments.

2. Keep the flame low if you are using a Bunsen burner.

3. Be careful when heating camphor, as it is volatile.

4. Add a cotton plug to the funnel's end to prevent the escape of camphor vapours.

5. Take care while filtering so that the filter paper does not tear off.

Lab Manual Questions

1. In the experiment mentioned above, you saw the transformation of solids into vapours. Do you think this shift is physical or chemical?

Ans. Directly converting solids to vapours constitutes a physical change.

2. Can any method be used to separate a mixture's two water-soluble components? Justify your response.

Ans. It is possible to separate two components of a combination based on their different levels of solubility in water if they are soluble in water. The crystallisation will be the method used. Chromatography is an additional method that may be employed.

3. What factors, in your opinion, could cause some solids to convert directly to vapours or vice versa?

Ans. Some solids convert directly to vapours or vice versa. This is because of the solid's high vapour pressure in the liquid form. There is essentially no liquid state.

4. What would the separation process have been like if the mixture had been dissolved in water in the initial step?

Ans. Since both Camphor and sodium chloride are water-soluble, if the combination had been dissolved in water in the first stage, their separation would not have been possible.

Viva Questions

1. What do you understand about separation Techniques?

Ans. A mixture is made up of two or more different forms of matter that may be present in different proportions and that can be physically separated using techniques that separate the mixture's components based on their physical characteristics.

2. Why does the mixture need to be separated?

Ans. The mixture needs to be separated because 

• To remove the unnecessary components from a combination, various components of the mixture are separated.

• To separate more than one useful component from a mixture.

• To acquire pure materials.

• For instance, grain bought in stores may come with a variety of contaminants, including bits of stone, husk, broken grains, etc.

3. What are the differences between Pure substance and mixture?

Ans. The differences between Pure substance and Mixture are as follows:

4. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?

Ans. The types of mixtures that are separated by the technique of crystallisation are:

1. This method is used to separate a solid-liquid mixture.

2. When a solid is dissolved in a liquid, it can be separated from the mixture by evaporating the mixture that leaves behind crystals of the solid.

3. For instance, crystals of alum (phitkari) are separated from impure samples, and sea salt obtained from the sea is removed from impurities.

5. What do you mean by sublimation?

Ans. A substance can sublimate when it moves straight from the solid to the gas phase without first going through the liquid phase.

6. How will you separate sand and water from their mixture?

Ans. Filtering Technique: A filter paper is used to filter a sand and water mixture (a filter with very fine pores). The filter paper traps larger sand particles, separating them from the water.

7. Give two examples other than camphor, which undergoes sublimation.

Ans. Ammonium Chloride and Iodine are the two examples which undergo sublimation.

8. Is it possible to separate the mixture of Camphor and Naphthalene by sublimation?

Ans. No, it is not possible to separate the mixture of Camphor and Naphthalene by sublimation because both are sublimely solids, and they sublime on heating.

9. How to separate cream from milk?

Ans. By centrifugation technique, we can separate cream from milk.

10. What are the techniques used to separate the components of the mixture?

Ans. The techniques used to separate the components of the mixture are:

1. Evaporation

2. Distillation

3. Filtration or Sedimentation

4. Separating Funnel

5. Magnetic Separation

Practical Questions

1. A sample of a mixture that is heterogeneous is:

1. Oil in water

2. Sugar solution

3. Salt in water

4. Air

Ans. Oil in water is a heterogeneous mixture.

2. The following technique can be used to separate the salt and sand aqueous mixture.

1. Centrifugation

2. Evaporation

3. Sublimation

4. Filtration

Ans. Filtration is the technique that can be used to separate the salt and sand aqueous mixture

3. When water is dissolved with sodium chloride and ammonium chloride, and then filtered, the residue is.

1. Sodium Chloride

2. Ammonium Chloride

3. Both

4. None

Ans. When water is dissolved with sodium chloride and ammonium chloride, and then filtered, the residue is none.

4. How could salt, iron filings, and sulphur be separated from one another?

1. Magnet, dissolve in water, filter, crystallise.

2. Magnet, filter, decant, crystallise.

3. Dissolve in water, filter, crystallise, and decant.

4. Decant, crystallise, filter, dissolve in water

Ans. The magnet will separate the iron fillings from the mixture of salt and sulphur. Then we will dissolve the mixture in water and filter out the mixture using filtration technique. As a residue, we will get sulphur and salt solution as a filtrate. Follow up the crystallisation process and we will get the crystals of common salt.

5. Brine solution is

1. milk in water

2. an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide

3. a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

4. molten butter

Ans. Brine is a concentrated solution of sodium chloride

6. Name the material that sublimates and is used to protect warm clothes.

1. Ammonium Chloride

2. Iodine

3. Neem Leaves

4. Naphthalene

Ans. Naphthalene is the material that sublimates and is used to protect warm clothes.

7. Which one of the following is a pure compound?

1. Air

2. Crude oil

3. Sugar

4. Tea

Ans. Sugar is a pure compound

8. Common salt and water can be entirely separated using the procedure of

1. Filtration

2. Distillation

3. Evaporation

4. Centrifugation

Ans. Common salt and water can be entirely separated using the procedure of evaporation.

9. The components of the compound can be separated by using

1. Physical method

2. Chemical method

3. Cannot be separated by using any method

4. None of the above

Ans. The components of the compound can be separated by using the chemical method

10.  An example of a homogeneous mixture is

1. Sugar Solution

2. Milk

3. Sand in water

4. Blood

Ans. Sugar Solution is an example of a homogeneous mixture

Conclusion

Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquids and solids. Separation processes or a separation method or simply a separation is methodology to attain any mass transfer phenomenon that converts a mixture of substances into two or more distinct product mixtures. Separation is an important asset to purify components of interest from mixtures.