CBSE Physics Experiment To Measure Internal Diameter and Depth of a Given Beaker/Calorimeter Using Vernier Callipers

For precise measurement of the dimensions of the objects can not be measured with the conventional meter scale which has the precision of 0.1 cm. Therefore, vernier callipers are used, which have a precision of 0.01 cm. The calliper must first have its tips adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, after which it must be withdrawn and the space between its tips measured with a ruler.

In daily life, vernier callipers can be used to measure the separation between two opposed surfaces of an object, diameter of the beakers or iron rods, the thickness of the metal sheets, etc. It can be as simple as a compass with points that face inward or outward.

Table of Content

• Aim

• Theory

• Observations

• Results

Aim

To measure the internal diameter and depth of a beaker/calorimeter using vernier callipers and find its volume.

Apparatus Required

• Vernier callipers

• A cylinder, such as a beaker

• Magnifying glass

Theory

An L-shaped measuring tool with a moving arm is called a manual or traditional vernier calliper. To position the object between or around the jaws, the movable arm is slid. Four jaws make up a vernier calliper; two higher jaws are used to measure internal distances and two lower jaws are used to measure internal distances of objects. Therefore, a vernier calliper’s essential components are the main arm, sliding arm, external jaws, internal jaws, depth measuring probe, and locking screw.

Vernier calliper least count,

\[ \text{Least Count (LC)} = \dfrac{\text{magnitude of the smallest division on the main scale}}{\text{the total count of divisions on the Vernier scale}} \]

Volume of the calorimeter,\[\]\[\begin{array}{l}{\rm{V = }}\dfrac{{\pi {d^2}h}}{4}\\\end{array}\]

                                                       =___________ cm

Here, d stands for the calorimeter's diameter and h for its depth.

Procedure

Vernier Calliper Measuring Depth of the Beaker

Vernier Calliper Measuring the Diameter of the Beaker

1. Find and note the vernier calliper's least count, commonly known as the vernier constant.

2. Bring the moveable jaw BD into contact with the fixed jaw AC to determine the zero error. Repeat and record the process three times. Record zero error as nil if there is no zero error.

3. Put jaws C and D inside the beaker and then slowly open them until they establish pressure-free contact with the inner wall of the beaker. Without exerting excessive pressure, tighten the screw.

4. Record the vernier scale's zero point on the primary scale. Record the main scale reading, often known as the main scale reading (M.S.R.), just before the vernier scale's zero point.

5. Let n be the vernier scale division number, which corresponds to the main scale division.

6. To measure the interior diameter perpendicularly, rotate the vernier calliper at 90° and repeat the steps 4 and 5.

7. Find the total reading and the zero correction to determine the depth.

8. The vernier calliper's primary scale's edge should be set on the outer edge. The beaker's depth and the strip's ability to move freely inside should be carefully considered.

9. The vernier calliper's screw should be tightened once the moving jaw makes perpendicular contact with the bottom of the beaker.

10. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for four separate locations around the beaker's rim.

11. Find the complete reading as well as the zero correction.

12. Take two different mean values for internal diameter and four distinct mean values for depth.

13. Use the proper formula to calculate the volume, and then record the result with the volume's related units.

Observation

1. Finding the vernier calliper with the fewest counts (1 M.S.D.) = 1mm

Total division of V.S.D(n) = 10

10 V.S.D = 9 M.S.D

2. Least count of vernier calliper (V.C.) = 1 M.S.D. – 1 V.S.D

= 1-0.9mm

= 0.1 mm

= 0.01 cm

Table: Readings of internal diameter(d)

Table: Readings of the depth (h)

Calculations

Corrected internal diameter’s mean,

\[d = \dfrac{{{d_1} + {d_2} + {d_3} + {d_4}}}{4}\]=______cm

Corrected depth’s Mean,

\[h = \dfrac{{{h_1} + {h_2} + {h_3} + {h_4}}}{4}\]=_______cm

Volume of the beaker

\[\begin{array}{l}{\rm{V = }}\dfrac{{\pi {d^2}h}}{4}\\\end{array}\]=___________cm

Results

The volume of the beaker is ______cm.

Precautions

1. To make the vernier scale slide easily over the main scale, use machine oil or grease.

2. To prevent thread damage, don't apply more force to the vernier screw.

3. Keep your eyes directly over the dividing mark to prevent parallax errors.

4. A correct set of significant numbers and units must be used when making observations.

Lab Manual Questions

1. What underlying principle drives the vernier scale?

Ans: The vernier scale is based on the idea that there should be either one less or one more vernier scale division than there are in main scale divisions.

\[{\rm{1V}}{\rm{.S}}{\rm{.D = }}\dfrac{{{\rm{1M}}{\rm{.S}}{\rm{.D}}}}{{{\rm{No}}{\rm{. of divisions on Vernier Scale}}}}\]

2. Define vernier constant.

Ans: The difference between the value of one main scale division and one vernier scale division on the vernier callipers is known as the vernier constant.

3. What is a measuring instrument's least count?

Ans: The smallest quantity that can be precisely measured is known as the least count of a measuring device.

4. Define zero error.

Ans: The distant reading on an instrument from zero is defined as zero error. It could be either positive or negative.

Viva Questions

1. What does "Vernier Callipers" mean in relation to sliding callipers?

Ans: It is because of Pierre Vernier, a French mathematician, was the person who first created it.

2. What are the different types of zero error?

Ans: There are two types of zero error, one is positive zero error and the other one is negative zero error.

3. How does the instrument achieve zero error?

Ans: It develops as a result of the instrument's long-term damage from use.

4. When is a zero error a positive or negative outcome?

Ans: If the vernier zero is to the right of the main scale zero, the zero error is positive and if the vernier zero is to the left of the main scale zero, the zero error is negative.

5. What other measurements can be taken with a vernier calliper?

Ans: The internal diameter of hollow cylinders or calorimeters is measured using the calliper's jaws. The small metallic strip that is fastened to the back of the main scale is used to gauge a vessel's depth.

6. Define zero correction? How is it implemented?

Ans: Zero correction is used to remove zero of the vernier calliper. It is mathematically added to the observed reading. It is measured by multiplying the least count of the vernier calliper with its zero error.

7. A spherometer with a screw gauge (0.01 mm), then what is the zero error?

Ans: If the main scale and vernier scale zeros do not match while the lower jaws are in contact, then the instrument’s readings are inaccurate. And this inaccuracy is known as zero error.

8. Define angular vernier.

Ans: For fractions of a degree of an angle, an angular vernier is used. It is present in instruments that measure angular displacements, such as sextants and spectrometers.

9. Can we use vernier callipers to gauge a piece of paper's thickness?

Ans: No, we can’t use vernier callipers to gauge a piece of paper's thickness

10. What is the least count possible on your laboratory vernier callipers?

Ans: The least count available in our laboratory vernier calliper is 0.01mm.

11. What advantage does the vernier scale have over the metre scale?

Ans: It improves measuring accuracy.

Practical Based Questions

1. Least count of standard metric vernier calliper.

1. 0.001mm

2. 0.01mm

3. 0.02mm

4. 0.03mm

Ans: C) 0.02mm

2. What is the spindle thread's metric micrometre pitch distance?

1. 0.1mm

2. 0.2mm

3. 0.4mm

4. 0.5mm

Ans: D) 0.5mm

3. Vernier callipers assists in the measurement of

1. Internal diameter

2. External diameter

3. Depth and thickness of nanotubes

4. All of the above

Ans: D) All of the above

4. What will the positive zero error be if the reading is 0.05 mm?

1. 0mm

2. 0.01mm

3. +0.05mm

4. -0.05mm

Ans: C) +0.05mm

5. What is the largest scale on the vernier calliper's body be called as?

1. Main Scale

2. Vernier Scale

3. Both A and B

4. None of the above

Ans: A) Main Scale

6. The difference between 1M.S.D and 1V.S.D is called 

1. Resolution

2. Least count

3. Actual reading

4. None of the above

Ans: B) least count

7. The vernier calliper's least count is also referred to as 

1. Vernier sample

2. Vernier count

3. Vernier constant

4. Vernier calibration

Ans: C) vernier constant

8. What would you use in a lab to measure a beaker's diameter?

1. Vernier callipers

2. Meter rule

3. Measuring tape

4. Micrometre screw gauge

Ans: A) Vernier Callipers

9. The main scale of a vernier calliper has 1 mm markings. The vernier scale includes 20 equal divisions that correspond to the 16 divisions of the main scale. The least count for these vernier callipers is:

1. 0.2mm

2. 0.02mm

3. 0.01mm

4. 0.1mm

Ans: A) 0.2mm

Conclusion

The vernier scale is based on the idea that there should be either one less or one more vernier scale divisions than there are in main scale divisions. A vernier calliper provides much greater accuracy than a standard metre rule. It can be used to determine an object's length as well as the interior diameter of a tube or cylinder. The diameter of circular objects is often measured using a vernier calliper.