Courses
Courses for Kids
Free study material
Offline Centres
More
Store Icon
Store
NEET 2022 | Class 12

NEET Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Get plus subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NEET Notes, Important Questions, and Summary

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NEET Notes, Important Questions, and Summary


Last updated date: 04th Dec 2024
Total views: 278.4k
Views today: 4.76k

The chapter strategies for enhancement in food production is of high importance from the NEET 2022 point of view, and students must be well versed with the basics. These notes contain the synopsis of the chapter and can be really helpful for a quick go through of the chapter. 


Here, we’ll be discussing all the important concepts of the chapter, such as animal husbandry, plant breeding, single cell proteins and tissue culture and some other crucial concepts.  


Important Topics of Strategies for Enhancement of Food Production

  • Animal Husbandry

  • Animal Breeding

  • Bee-keeping

  • Single Cell Protein

  • Tissue Culture

  • Plant Breeding


Important Concepts of the Chapter

Animal Husbandry

All creatures require food for their development and survival. The major necessity for enhancement of food production is to meet the demands of an ever-increasing population. Plant breeding, animal husbandry, and modern technologies such as tissue culture, genetic engineering, and embryo transfer have dramatically enhanced yield.


Animal Breeding and Types

A breed is a collection of animals from the same species that are related in descent and have similar characteristics and appearance. Inbreeding and outbreeding are two types of breeding.


Difference Between Inbreeding and Outbreeding

Inbreeding 

Outbreeding

It is described as the offspring production by breeding closely related genetically organisms. 

It is described as the offspring production by breeding genetically unrelated organisms. 

Parents that are used are bred for 4-6 generations. 

Parents that are used need to be uncommon with ancestors for 4-6 generations.

The same kind of individuals is involved in mating. 

Different kinds of species, breeds or individuals are involved in mating.

It leads to a reduction in the vigour of the offspring.

It leads to an increase in the vigour of the offspring.

Preferred for pure lines development by increasing heterozygosity.

Preferred for hybrid species development with desirable characteristics. 

It might lead to an explosion of harmful recessive alleles, loss of productivity and fertility.

The rate of successful mating may be less and fertility may be lost.

Examples may include self-breeding, selective breeding, and backcrossing.

Examples may include out-breeding and cross-breeding.


Bee-keeping (Apiculture)

It is the care and maintenance of a honey bee hive for the production of honey. Honey is a nutrient-dense substance derived from beehives. Beeswax is utilised in a variety of sectors to make cosmetics, polishes, and other products. Apis indica is the most prevalent honey bee species.


The life cycle of a Bee


Fisheries

  • Blue Revolution - The growth in the production of fish and other aquatic creatures is linked to the Blue Revolution.

  • Aquaculture - It is the practice of commercially breeding and rearing aquatic flora (fish, molluscs, crustaceans) and fauna (aquatic plants and algae). Intensive aquaculture takes place in ponds and tanks, whereas extensive aquaculture takes place in seas, rivers, or lakes.

  • Pisciculture - is the growing of fish for the purpose of producing edible fish and fish products. Different fishes are cultivated together in polyculture. Different species are cultured separately in monoculture.


Plant Breeding

Plant breeding is the process of selectively breeding plants to achieve desired characteristics in them, such as higher quality, high production, and disease resistance.


Green Revolution

Enhanced food production to fulfil population demands is referred to as the Green Revolution. M. S. Swaminathan was the driving force behind India's green revolution. Fertilizers, insecticides, high yielding seeds, irrigation infrastructure, and other modern procedures and technology are employed for this purpose.


Wheat and rice varieties with high yields have made a significant contribution to the expansion in food grain output.


Plant breeding is done to improve production, quality, tolerance to environmental stress, and pest and pathogen resistance. Plant breeding programmes are run by the government and private companies all around the world. The following are the steps involved in creating a new plant genetic variety:


Main Steps Required for Developing New Varieties:

  1. Collection of variability - It is the collection of all the different varieties of a particular crop. All of a plant's alleles for all of its genes are gathered. Germplasm collection is the term for it.

  2. Germplasm evaluation and parent selection - The germplasm is tested for the desired characteristic and parents are chosen based on the results.

  3. Cross hybridisation - is when two desirable characteristics are united, such as disease resistance and high protein content.

  4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants - Hybrids with desired traits are chosen and self-pollinated over several generations in order to achieve homozygosity. This prevents character segregation in the next generation.

  5. New cultivator testing, release, and commercialization - It entails a thorough quality inspection for productivity and other characteristics such as disease resistance. The crop is cultivated in a controlled environment in a research area for this purpose.


Some High Yielding Varieties of Hybrid Indian Crops

Crop

Description

Rice

IR-8 (created in the Philippines) and Taichung Native-1 were used to create semi-dwarf rice types (Taiwan).


Semi-dwarf rice cultivars Jaya and Ratna were developed in India.

Wheat

In Mexico, Norman E Borlaug produced semi-dwarf wheat cultivars. Wheat production has increased from 11 million to 75 million tonnes.


High-yielding and disease-resistant wheat types cultivated in India are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.

Millets

In India, high-yielding and drought-resistant varieties of jowar, maize, and bajra have been produced.

Sugar Cane

Saccharum barberi (north Indian sugarcane) and sugar-rich Saccharum officinarum (south Indian sugarcane with thick stems) were successfully cross-bred to produce sugarcane with high yield, sugar content, and thick stems that can be cultivated in North India as well.


Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance

Crop

Variety

Resistance to disease

Wheat

Himgiri

Stripe and leaf rust, hill bunt

Cauliflower

Pusa Snowball K-1, Pusa Shubhra

Curl blight black rot and Black rot

Mustard

Pusa Swarnim (Karan Rai)

White Rust

Chili

Pusa Sadabahar

TMV, Chili mosaic virus, Leaf curl

Cowpea

Pusa Komal

Bacterial blight


Mutation Breeding

A mutation is an abrupt, stable, and heritable alteration in an organism's gene expression. As a result, a new personality emerges that is not present among parents. 

The mutation is a term used to describe experimentally generated mutations that are used to improve crops. Mutation breeding refers to the agents that are employed to cause mutation in crops for the purpose of agricultural improvement. Mutagens are chemicals that are used to cause mutations. Physical agents such as x-rays, ultraviolet rays, and gamma rays, as well as various compounds such as HNO₂, base analogues, and acridine dyes.


Biofortification

Biofortification is the process of breeding nutrient-dense crops. Crops with higher nutritional value have higher protein, oil, vitamin, micronutrient, and mineral content, as well as higher quality. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi has published a number of vitamin and mineral-rich vegetable cultivars.


Examples of Biofortified Crops Developed

Crop

Nutrient

Wheat (Atlas-66)

High protein content 

Carrots, spinach, pumpkin

Vitamin enriched

Hybrid maize (Introduced in 2000)

Double the amino acids tryptophan and lysine

Rice

Iron-rich (5 times more)

Spinach and bathua

Calcium and iron enriched 

Tomato, bathua, mustard, bitter gourd 

Vitamin C enriched


SCPs (Single Cell Proteins)

Single cell proteins are the cells of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous algae that have been processed in various ways and utilised as food. Excess nucleic acid is removed throughout the processing. Whey, sulphite waste liquor, hydrocarbon waste from the petroleum sector, waste water including scratch from potato processing factories, straw, molasses, and animal manure are some of the basic materials used in single cell protein production.


Tissue Culture

Tissue culture is the method of growing an entire plant from a single cell. Totipotency is the ability of an explant (a piece of a plant) or a cell to regenerate the entire plant.


Micropropagation is a tissue culture-based method for growing thousands of plants. The medium should be nutrient-dense. A carbon source (sucrose), growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins), vitamins, inorganic salts, and amino acids should all be present.


Somaclones: Each plant grown by tissue culture is referred to as somaclon and is identical to the parent plant.


Many food crops, such as tomato, apple, and banana, have been commercially cultivated utilizing tissue culture technologies.


Types of Culture

  • Callus culture and suspension culture

  • Meristem culture

  • Embryo culture

  • Anther culture

  • protoplast culture


Somatic Hybridisation

Somatic Hybridisation can be described as the procedure of fusing naked protoplasts (protoplasts with the plasma membrane after the cell wall has been digested) of cells from two different species of plants that have desirable features. Somatic hybrids are the plants grown in this manner.


Pomato was created by combining potato and tomato, however, it lacked the desired combination of features to be commercially viable.


Solved Examples from the Chapter

1. Autopolyploidy can be induced artificially by

  1. Chloroform

  2. Colchicine

  3. Chloroquine

  4. Colchine

Ans: b. Colchicine

Autopolyploidy is a kind of polyploidy in which there are more than two copies of homologous chromosomes in the chromosomal complement. Since microtubules are involved in chromosomal segregation, colchicine causes polyploidy by blocking chromosome segregation during meiosis, resulting in half of the gametes (sex cells) having double the amount of chromosomes.

Key point to remember- Colchicine causes polyploidy by blocking chromosome segregation during meiosis.


2. A cybrid is hybrid carrying (35)

  1. Genomes and cytoplasm of two different plants

  2. Cytoplasms of two different plants

  3. Cytoplasms of two different plants but genome of one plant

  4. Genomes of two different plants

Ans: c. Cytoplasms of two different plants but the genome of one plant

A cybrid is a cell or plant hybrid that has the genome of one species but the cytoplasm of the other. A cytoplasmic hybrid is also known as a cybrid. The process of creating a cybrid is termed cybridization. 


Key point to remember- Nuclear material from one organism is introduced into a cell that has had its nucleus removed to create a cytoplasmic hybrid eukaryotic cell.


3. Main objective of production of herbicide resistant GM crops is to

  1. Encourage eco-friendly herbicides

  2. Reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for safety of health

  3. Eliminate weeds from fields without the use of manual labour

  4. Eliminate weeds from fields without the use of herbicides  

Ans: b. Reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for safety of health

Weeds compete with crops for light, water, and nutrients, reducing agricultural yields and affecting crop quality. Herbicides will be used to get rid of weeds (weed killer). Maize, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, and other crops have developed herbicide tolerance. The major goal is to limit herbicide accumulation in food products in order to protect people's health.

Key point to remember- Herbicides are primarily used to get rid of weeds.


Solved Problems of Previous Year Question from the Chapter

1. By which method was a new breed ‘Hisardale’ of sheep formed by using Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams?

  1. Cross breeding

  2. Inbreeding

  3. Outcrossing

  4. Mutational breeding

Ans: a. Cross breeding

Cross-breeding is the technique of breeding two individuals from different species. In Punjab, the "Hisardale" sheep breed was created by combining Bikaneri ewes with Marino rams.

Key point to remember- Crossbreeding is also called ‘’designer crossbreeding".


2. Select the incorrect statement.

  1. Inbreeding is essential to evolve purelines in any animal.

  2. Inbreeding selects harmful recessive genes that reduce fertility and productivity.

  3. Inbreeding helps in the accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of undesirable genes.

  4. Inbreeding increases homozygosity.  

Ans: b. Inbreeding selects harmful recessive genes that reduce fertility and productivity.

Inbreeding makes deleterious recessive genes visible, which are then selected out. It also aids in the accumulation of superior genes while removing undesirable genes. As a result, the selection is made at each phase to maximise the productivity of the inbred population. Inbreeding is known to impair fertility and even productivity in animals.

Key point to remember- The development of offspring from mating or breeding individuals that are genetically related is referred to as inbreeding.


3. Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk output represents;

  1. Stabilizing selection as it stabilizes the character in the population

  2. Directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one direction

  3. Disruptive as it splits the population into two one yielding higher output and the other lower output

  4. Stabilizing followed by disruptive as it stabilizes the population to produce higher yielding cows

Ans: b. Directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one direction

Artificial selection is a procedure which can be used to obtain cows yielding higher milk output that will result in the shift of the mean of the character to one side. This is a directional change.

Further, the organism that carries the mean value of the trait is opted out in the stabilising selection. The process of selecting extremes is termed as a disruptive selection.

Key point to remember- Artificial selection is a directional change.


Practice Questions

1. Semi-dwarf wheat was developed by

  1. Swaminathan

  2. N.E. Borlaug

  3. Ramdhan

  4. None of these

Ans: b. N.E. Borlaug

Semi Dwarf wheat was created by agronomic Norman Borlaug. This semi-dwarf wheat was found to be exceptionally successful in the United States, where it was planted on around 22% of the wheat cultivated acreage. Sonalika is a wheat cultivar that was introduced to India as a semi dwarf.


2. In livestock breeding experiments, which of the following stages is transferred to surrogate mothers? 

  1. Unfertilized eggs

  2. Fertilized eggs

  3. 8 to 32 celled embryo

  4. Frozen semen

Ans: c. 8 to 32 celled embryo

In MOET, a cow is given hormones with FSH-like action to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, resulting in the production of 6-8 eggs per cycle rather than the typical one. The animal would either be artificially inseminated or mated with an outstanding bull. The fertilised eggs are collected non-surgically and delivered to surrogate mothers at the 8–32 cell stage. The next round of hyperovulation is possible with the genetic mother.


3. In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by

  1. Inducing mutations

  2. Bombarding the protoplast with DNA

  3. Crossing of two inbred parental lines

  4. Harvesting seeds from the most productive plants

Ans: c. Crossing of two inbred parental lines

Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigour, refers to a hybrid's greater vigour (size, strength, and so on) than its parents.


It is always superior to either of its parents because it is a hybrid. Height, viability, a higher output of fruits and seeds, increased tolerance to environmental conditions, resistance to diseases, pests, and better seed germination are all examples of heterosis in plants.


In many crops, such as maize, heterosis has been commercially exploited by crossing two inbred parental lines. After several generations, the vigour is lost.


Conclusion

The Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production NCERT PDF covers all the crucial concepts and further at the end, certain sample questions have been added. These sample questions give clarity over the types of questions that can be asked in the NEET examination. Moreover, previous year questions and practice questions have also been added, which a student can practice once they are done with the chapter. 

See More
NEET 2024 Important Dates

NEET 2024 Important Dates

View All Dates
NEET 2024 exam date and revised schedule have been announced by the NTA. NEET 2024 will now be conducted on 5 May 2024, and the exam registration starts on 9 February 2024 and closes on 9 March 2024. You can check the complete schedule on our site. Furthermore, you can check NEET 2024 dates for application, admit card, exam, answer key, result, counselling, etc along with other relevant information.
See More
View All Dates
NEET Information

NEET Information

Application Form
Eligibility Criteria
Reservation Policy
Admit Card
NTA has announced the NEET 2024 application form release date on the official website https://neet.nta.nic.in/. The NEET 2024 Application Form is available on the official website for online registration from 9 February 2024 to 9 March 2024. Besides the NEET 2024 application form release date, learn about the application process, steps to fill out the form, how to submit it, the exam date sheet, etc online. Check our website for more details.
NEET 2024 applicants should be aware of the eligibility criteria before applying for the exam. NTA has released all the relevant information on the official website, i.e. https://neet.nta.nic.in/. NEET 2024 aspirants should have passed Class 12th or any other equivalent qualifying examination in 2023, or 2022, or students appearing in the Class 12th final exam in 2024 can also apply. For further details, visit our website.
As per the union government’s norms, NTA has released the NEET 2024 reservation criteria for different candidates’ categories (SC/ST/OBC/PwD), All India Quota, State Government Quota, Deemed Universities, and more. You can check more details on the Vedantu website.
NEET 2024 Admit Card will be released by the NTA in the 4th week of April 2024. Candidates can download the NEET admit card and hall ticket from the NEET official website i.e. https://neet.nta.nic.in/. For more details on the NEET admit card 2024, candidates can check Vedantu's official website.
NEET 2024 Study Material

NEET 2024 Study Material

View NEET Syllabus in Detail
Download full syllabus
Download full syllabus
View NEET Syllabus in Detail
NEET 2024 Study Material

NEET 2024 Study Material

View all study material for NEET
All
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
See All
NEET Question Papers

NEET Question Papers

NEET 2024 Book Solutions and PDF Download

NEET 2024 Book Solutions and PDF Download

View all NEET Important Books
Biology
NCERT Book for Class 12 Biology
Physics
NCERT Book for Class 12 Physics
Chemistry
NCERT Book for Class 12 Chemistry
Physics
H. C. Verma Solutions
See All
NEET 2024 Mock Tests

NEET 2024 Mock Tests

View all mock tests
NEET 2024 free online mock test series for exam preparation are available on the Vedantu website for free download. Practising these mock test papers of Physics, Chemistry and Biology prepared by expert teachers at Vedantu will help you to boost your confidence to face the NEET 2024 examination without any worries. The NEET test series for Physics, Chemistry and Biology that is based on the latest syllabus of NEET and also the Previous Year Question Papers.
See More
NEET 2024 Cut Off

NEET 2024 Cut Off

NEET Cut Off
NTA is responsible for the release of the NEET 2024 cut off score. The qualifying percentile score might remain the same for different categories. According to the latest trends, the expected cut-off mark for NEET 2024 is 50% for general category candidates, 45% for physically challenged candidates, and 40% for candidates from reserved categories. For the general category, NEET qualifying marks for 2024 ranged from 715-117 general category, while for OBC/SC/ST categories, they ranged from 116-93 for OBC, 116-93 for SC and 116-93 for ST category.
See More
NEET 2024 Results

NEET 2024 Results

The NEET 2024 result will be published by NTA on https://neet.nta.nic.in/ in the form of a scorecard on 14 June 2024. The scorecard will include the roll number, application number, candidate's personal details, and the percentile, marks, and rank of the candidate. Only those candidates who achieve the NEET cut-off will be considered qualified for the exam.
See More
Rank List
Counselling
Marks and Rank
NEET 2024 state rank lists will be released by the Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) for admissions to the 85% state quota and to all seats in private medical and dental colleges. NEET 2024 state rank lists are based on the marks obtained in medical entrance exams. Candidates can check the NEET 2024 state rank list on the official website or our site.
The Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) will conduct NEET 2024 counselling at www.mcc.nic.in. There will be two rounds of counselling for admission under 15% All India Quota (AIQ), deemed and central universities, AIIMS, JIPMER, ESIC, and AFMC. A mop-up round of NEET counselling will be conducted excluding 15% AIQ seats, while the dates of NEET counselling for 85% state quota seats will be announced by the respective state authorities.
As per the union government’s norms, NTA has released the NEET 2024 reservation criteria for different candidates’ categories (SC/ST/OBC/PwD), All India Quota, State Government Quota, Deemed Universities, and more. Previously, the Indian Government has provided NEET reservations to OBC (27%) and EWS (10%) candidates under All India Quota (AIQ). You can check more details on the Vedantu website.
NEET 2024 Top Colleges

NEET 2024 Top Colleges

View all NEET 2024 Top Colleges
Want to know which Engineering colleges in India accept the NEET 2024 scores for admission to Engineering? Find the list of Engineering colleges accepting NEET scores in India, compiled by Vedantu. 1990 Colleges are accepting NEET Score. It includes 706 Medical, 323 Dental, 914 AYUSH, and 47 BVSc & AH colleges. Also find more details on Fees, Ranking, Admission, and Placement.
See More
question-image

FAQs on NEET Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

FAQ

1. How many questions can be asked in NEET from the chapter Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production?

The unit Biology and Human Welfare on the whole carry 9% weightage in the NEET examinations, out of which 1-2 questions are raised from the chapter Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production. Further, the chapter human health and disease carries the maximum weightage as 3-4 questions are asked from this chapter. Microbes in Human Welfare involve 3 questions in NEET Examination.

2. Is chapter Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production difficult?

The chapter ‘Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production’ isn’t really difficult but has certain topics which are to be studied with care. Many things and details have been given in  the chapter which requires to be versed well and learnt on tips. So, it would be wrong to say that the chapter is difficult, rather it has concepts which require great attention.

3. Is it easy to crack NEET?

Well, it all varies depending on how well you prepare for the exam and how well you are guided in doing so. If you're on the correct track, you'll be able to pass any exam on your first try; all you have to do is thoroughly revise and practise while remaining confident in yourself and maintaining a positive outlook.