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NEET 2022 | Class 12

NEET Important Chapter - Biological Classification

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Biological Classification

Biological Classification


Last updated date: 02nd Oct 2024
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This article is created by keeping NEET aspirants in mind. It contains notes and important questions from the chapter Biological Classification. This article will be served for last-minute quick revision notes as well as for clarifying concepts in short related to the chapter. 


It covers all the important concepts such as the characteristic features of living beings, the basic unit of biological classification, rules of binomial nomenclature, and the difference between taxonomy and systematics. Biological classification notes include all the concepts in short and crisp language. Along with this, it contains generic FAQs regarding the NEET Exam.


Important Topics of The Living World

  • Kingdom Monera, Protista and Fungi

  • Artificial system of classification

  • Natural system of classification

  • Five Kingdom Classification

  • Viruses, Viroids and Prions

  • Lichens


Important Concepts

Need for Biological Classification

  • It is impossible to identify any organism without classification.

  • It is not possible to research each and every organism. The study of one or two species from a group provides enough knowledge about that group's essential characteristics.

  • Without an appropriate classification system, it is impossible to study prehistoric organisms.

  • Classification aids in understanding the relationships between various categories of species.

  • Evolutionary trends can be determined based on relationships and the simplicity or complexity of members of distinct taxa.


Artificial System of Classification

  • It is a classification system that groups organisms based on one or two morphological features.

  • Aristotle categorized animals into two types: enaima (with red blood) and anaima (without red blood).

  • Pliny divided animals into two categories: flight and non-flight ones.


Natural System of Classification

  • It is a classification method that considers a comparative examination of a number of traits in order to reveal natural similarities and differences, and thus natural connections, among species.

  • Characters that are relatively constant are used in the system.

  • Morphological, anatomical, and cytological characteristics, physiology, ontogeny or development, reproduction, cytochemistry and biochemistry, and experimental taxonomy, are among them.


Difference between Artificial System and Natural System


Artificial System

Natural System

Artificial System technique is beneficial for quickly identifying organisms.

As natural systems are difficult to operate in the field, it often employs artificial keys for quicker identification in the field.

One or two morphological features are frequently used in artificial systems.

For grouping organisms, the approach uses a variety of morphological features.


Phylogenetic System of Classification

In this system, the classification of organisms is based on their evolutionary relationships.


Difference between Natural System and Phylogenetic System


Natural System 

Phylogenetic System

The system is based on organisms' similarities and differences.

It is based on the possibility of distinct qualities evolving over time.

Fossils play only a minor function.

Fossils are crucial in determining evolutionary links.

Natural systems are very practical.

It is less feasible since organisms contain both primitive and advanced characteristics, and not every case has a fossil record.


Two Kingdoms of Classification

  • It was proposed by Linnaeus.

  • He divided the living things into two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia.


Difference Between Plant and Animal Kingdom on the basis of Two Kingdoms of Classification


Plant Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

It includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, mosses, ferns, and plants.

It includes protozoans, invertebrates and vertebrates.

Characters are based on the presence of cell walls, absence of locomotion, and response to external stimuli.

Characters are based on the absence of cell walls, the presence of locomotion, and response to external stimuli.


Depends on other organisms for food.


Drawbacks of Two Kingdoms of Classification

  • Some organisms show both features of plants and animals. Eg., Euglena like plants are autotrophs and like animals are motile.

  • Sponges like plants are fixed, having an irregularly branched body.

  • Fungi resemble plants in having cell walls but lack chlorophyll.

  • Bacteria and cyanobacteria are prokaryotic in nature.


Three Kingdoms of Classification

  • It was proposed by Ernst Haeckel.

  • He divided the living organisms into three kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia and Protista.


Difference between Plant and Animal Kingdom and Protista on the basis of Three Kingdoms of Classification


Plant Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

Protista

It includes mosses, ferns, bryophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

It includes invertebrates and vertebrates.

It includes fungi, protozoans, algae, bacteria and slime moulds.


Drawbacks of Three Kingdom of Classification

  • Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are not separated.

  • Protista includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms.


Four Kingdoms of Classification

  • It was proposed by Copland.

  • He added a new kingdom known as Monera.

  • He divided all the living organisms on the basis of cell organization and mode of nutrition.


Monera

Protista

Plantae

Animalia

All the prokaryotes are placed in this kingdom.

This kingdom includes unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.

It includes metaphyta, and multicellular eukaryotic plants.

It includes metazoa, and multicellular eukaryotic animals.


Drawbacks of Four Kingdoms of Classification

  • Copland was not able to place fungi in any of the kingdoms.


Five  Kingdom of Classification

  • It was proposed by R.H. Whittaker.

  • He added the new kingdom Fungi.

  • This classification is based on cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.



Difference between Monera and Protista


Monera

Protista

The kingdom consists of prokaryotic organisms.

The kingdom consists of eukaryotic organisms.

The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans.

Cell wall if present then contains cellulose.

Membrane-bound cell organelles are absent.

Membrane-bound cell organelles are present.

Sexual reproduction is absent.

Sexual reproduction is present.


Viruses

  • Dmitri Ivanowsky discovered the virus for the first time on tobacco leaves causing mosaic disease of tobacco.

  • M.W. Beijerinek named it "virus"

  • Virus is an obligate parasite. It is inert outside the host cell (virion).

  • Biosynthetic machinery is absent.

  • It does not grow, divide or reproduce like other organisms.

  • A virus consists of two parts; nucleoid (genome) and capsid, and envelope (present only in a few viruses).

  • In nucleic acid, only DNA or RNA is present but never both.


Viral Diseases

1.

Plant Viral Diseases

Potato mosaic, pumpkin mosaic, apple mosaic, tulip mosaic (broken tulip), Bhindi yellow vein mosaic, Potato leaf roll, Papaya leaf curl, Banana bunchy top, etc.

2.

Animal Viral Diseases

Foot and mouth, rinderpest, Ranikhet or new castle of fowl, bird flu.

3.

Human Viral Diseases

Measles, chickenpox, mumps, poliomyelitis, rabies, hepatitis, dengue, encephalitis, AIDS, common cold, flu, herpes, SARS, etc.


Viroids

  • It was discovered by Diener.

  • They are the smallest self-replicating particles.

  • They are infectious RNA particles and lack protein coats.

  • They are obligate parasites.

  • They can multiply by both RNA dependent and DNA dependent replication.

  • They are known to cause diseases in plants only.

  • For example: Potato spindle tuber, chrysanthemum stunt.


Prions

  • They are highly resistant small-sized glycoprotein particles (which function as infectious agents).

  • They also act as a catalyst, therefore, converts normal protein into a prion state.


Diseases Caused by Prions

  • Accumulates in nervous tissue and brings about its degeneration.

  • Scrapie of sheep

  • Mad cow disease

  • Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease

  • Kuru


Difference Between Virus and Viroid


Virus

Viroid

It is a nucleoprotein particle.

It is an RNA particle.

Nucleic acid can be DNA or RNA.

It is formed of only RNA.

A protein coat is present.

Protein coat is absent.

It has a large size (10nm-1μM).

It has a smaller size (246 to 467 nucleobases).

It is known to infect all types of organisms.

It is known to infect only plants.


Lichens

  • They are a symbiotic or mutual relationship between algae and fungi. 

  • The algal component (autotrophic) is called phycobiont and the fungal component is known as mycobiont (heterotrophic).

  • Algae prepare food and fungi provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients.

  • They are good pollution indicators, as they do not grow in the areas which are polluted.


Solved Example/Problems from Chapter

1. State two economic importance of

  1. heterotrophic bacteria 

  2. archaebacteria

Ans: 

  • Heterotrophic bacteria- (i) Vitamins, medicines, cheese, and curd are all made using them. (ii) They aid in nitrogen fixation.

  • Archaebacteria- (i) They are employed in the manufacture of biogas. (ii) They're employed in mine bioleaching.


Key Point to Remember: 

  • Heterotrophic Bacteria- Cannot synthesize their own food. 

  • Archaebacteria- They can tolerate high temperatures.


2. What are the properties of diatom cell walls?

Ans: Cell walls in diatoms are encrusted with silica, which creates distinct patterns on the walls. These diatoms leave a lot of cell wall deposits in their habitat, which eventually turns into diatomaceous earth.


Key Point to remember: Cell wall is indestructible


Solved Problems of Previous Year Questions 

1. Which of the following statements is correct?

  1. Organisms that depend on living plants are called saprophytes.

  2. In specialized cells known as sheath cells, several species can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

  3. The fusion of two cells is called Karyogamy

  4. Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is called plasmogamy.

Ans: (d) The fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is known as plasmogamy.


2. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

  • The infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat.

  • Viruses are obligate parasites.

  • Prions consist of abnormally folded proteins.

  • Viroids lack a protein coat.

Ans: (a) The Infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat.


Viruses are nucleoprotein entities that can use the synthesis machinery of another organism's live-cell for multiplication rather than growth and division.


Trick to remember: Virus body is made up of Nucleic acid + Protein = Nucleoprotein.


Practice Questions (Biological Classification MCQs for NEET)

1. Which system of classification was given by Bentham and Hooker?

  1. Phylogenetic

  2. Natural

  3. Numerical

  4. Artificial

Ans: (b) Natural


It is a classifying method that considers a comparative examination of a number of traits in order to describe natural similarities and differences, and thus natural connections, among species.


Key point to remember: Employs several morphological characters for grouping of organism


2. Archaea and Nitrogen-fixing organisms are classified among which of the following kingdoms?

  1. Protista

  2. Monera

  3. Fungi

  4. Plantae

Ans: (b) Monera


Monera is the kingdom of prokaryotes. It is divided into two major groups; archaebacteria and eubacteria. Eubacteria is further divided into two types, i.e., bacteria and cyanobacteria (nitrogen-fixing bacteria).


Key point to remember: Monera - Unicellular prokaryotes


Conclusion

This article covers all of the major concepts such as the need for biological classification, natural and artificial systems of classification, viruses, viroids, prions, etc. and also provides clear explanations which make it ideal for quick and successful revision. It covers key ideas, concepts given in Biology NCERT and problems from previous year's NEET question papers, as well as NEET practice tests which makes it excellent for the last time revision.

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FAQs on NEET Important Chapter - Biological Classification

FAQ

1. Is the chapter on biological classification important for NEET?

Biological classification is an important and high-scoring topic in biology that helps you understand living species by comparing and contrasting their similarities and differences.

2. What is the number of questions that are asked from the NCERT book?

More than 80-85 percent of questions (asked directly or indirectly) in NEET come from NCERT, on average.

3. How do I find out if my NEET application has been rejected?

You must log in to the registration window using the credentials to check that your NEET 2022 Application Form has been rejected. If you are unable to proceed through the confirmation page, or if you are unable to locate your admission card after it has been released, this could indicate that your application has been rejected.