Question

Yeast reproduce by means of
a. Budding
b. Fragmentation
c. Pollination
d. All of these

Answer 1

Hint: Yeasts are unicellular organisms that developed from multicellular ancestors, with certain species being able to establish multicellular characteristics by creating strings of pseudo-hyphae or false hyphae.

Complete answer:
> Option A is correct. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which, due to cell division at one particular location, a new organism emerges from an outgrowth or bud. The little bulb-like projection that comes out of the yeast cell is called a bud.

> Option B is incorrect. Multicellular fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction in which an organism is divided into fragments. Of these fragments grows into adult species, full-grown adults that are genetically and morphologically similar to their parents as can be seen in starfish.

> Option C is incorrect. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from a flower's male anther to the female stigma. Every living creature, including plants, is striving to create offspring in the next generation. One way plants can produce offspring is by seed formation.

> Option D is incorrect. As the bud formation does not take place in all the above options other than the budding process. Therefore, Yeasts cannot be reproduced by pollination and fragmentation.

So, the correct answer is Option A.

Additional information:
Like with other fungi, yeasts may have asexual and sexual periods of reproduction. Asexual reproduction by budding is the most common mode of vegetative growth in yeast, where a small bud (also known as bleb or daughter cell) is produced on the parent cell. The parent cell nucleus splits into a daughter nucleus and migrates to the daughter cell. The bud then keeps developing until it splits from the parent cell and forms a new cell. Generally speaking, the daughter cell formed during the budding process is smaller than the mother cell. Many yeasts, like Schizosaccharomyces pombe, replicate instead of budding by fission and thus create two daughter cells of equal size.

Note: The yeasts are around 1,500 single-celled fungi species, most of which are in the Ascomycota phylum, only a handful of which are Basidiomycota. Yeasts are found in soils and on plant surfaces worldwide and are especially abundant in sugar media such as flower nectar and fruits.