Question

What are Genomic Signatures?

Answer 1

Hint: Genomic signatures are a characteristic frequency of oligonucleotides in a genome or sequence. The composition of oligonucleotides is similar to phylogenetically related organisms. Genomic signature has application in recognition of pathogenicity islands in microbial genomes. Besides, it is also used to identify the hosts from arbitrary DNA sequences, as it is significant in metagenomics.

Complete answer
Genomic signatures of closely related organisms are more identical than that of distantly related organisms. They are remarkably stable within the genome. Hence, they can be extracted from only a fraction of genomic DNA sequence.
Generalized genomic sequences are constituted of over-abundance and under-abundance of all oligonucleotides at a given length, filtering out compositional trends and neighbor preferences at a shorter range.
Genomic signatures can be calculated for different purposes and applied at multiple different resolutions. Organism signatures, mechanism signatures and method signatures are different categories of genome signatures.
For forty-one avian species, which are under survival threats, comparative analyses of genomic signatures of near extinction events are in association with environmental and behavioural attributes of species.
Loss of genetic diversity and enrichment of deleterious mutations of protein-coding genes contribute to the major genetic species of endangered species. In addition, genetic inbreeding and loss-of-function genes contribute to genetic susceptibility to long-term climate change, over-hunting and agrochemical overuse.
Thus, genomic signatures of population decline over avian species, which is helpful in paving a way for future efforts to save endangered species and enhancement of conservation.

Note:
Genomic signatures are predictive biomarkers of homologous recombination deficiency in ovarian cancer, thus recognizing the target for cancer therapeutics since DNA repair deficiency is a hallmark of cancer. Also, genomic signatures done using machine learning can be rapid classification of novel pathogens in the area of taxonomy. Example is Covid-\[19\].