Question

What are the ways to prevent non-communicable disease.

Answer 1

Hint: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also referred to as chronic diseases, tend to be long-lasting and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors.

Complete answer:
A disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another is a non-communicable disease (NCD). Parkinson's, autoimmune disorders, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, cataracts, among others are found in NCDs.

NCDs can be acute or chronic. Most are non-infectious, although certain non-communicable infectious diseases occur, such as parasitic diseases in which direct host-to-host transmission is not included in the life cycle of the parasite.

Ways to Prevent:
1.Tobacco Use:
a)Implement the Tobacco Regulation Policy Convention (FCTC).
b)Reducing the affordability of tobacco products by rising excise taxes on tobacco products.
c)In all indoor workplaces, public areas, and public transport, to build fully smoke-free conditions by statute.
d)Alert people by successful health alerts and mass media ads about the risks of cigarettes and tobacco smoke.
e)Stop all forms of advertisement, marketing, and sponsorship of tobacco.

2. Harmful Alcohol Use:
a)Increases in sales taxes on alcoholic drinks.
b)Comprehensive alcohol advertising and marketing limits and prohibitions.
c)Restrictions on retail alcohol supply.
d)Implement the Global WHO Plan to Minimize Harmful Alcohol Use

3.Unhealthy diet and physical inactivity:
a)Salt reduction through mass media campaigns/reduction of salt content in processed foods.
b)Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fat.
c)Public awareness program on diet and physical activity

4. Health System:
a)Integrate highly cost-effective NCD interventions into the primary health care package to advance the universal health coverage (UHC) agenda.
b)Explore viable health financing mechanisms and innovative funding approaches, such as tobacco and alcohol taxation, to generate resources to expand health coverage.
c)Improve the availability of affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, including generics, required for the treatment of major NCDs in both public and private facilities.
d)Scaling up early detection and coverage, starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
e)Strengthen and reorient health systems to address NCDs and risk factors through human-centred primary health care and UHC.

5. Cardiovascular disease:
a)Multidrug therapy (including glycaemic control of diabetes mellitus and control of hypertension through a total risk management approach) for individuals who have had a heart attack or stroke and for those at high risk (≥ 30%) of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events over the next 10 years.
b)Acetylsalicylic acid in acute myocardial infarction.
c)Multidrug therapy (including glycaemic control of diabetes mellitus and total risk control of hypertension) for individuals who have had a heart attack or stroke and for those at moderate risk (≥ 20%) of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events over the next 10 years.
d)Acetylsalicylic acid, atenolol and thrombolytic (e.g. streptokinase) therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
e)Treat congestive heart failure with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, beta blocker, and diuretic.
f)Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.
g)Secondary prevention of rheumatic and rheumatic heart disease.
h)Anticoagulation for medium and high risk non-valvular atrial fibrillation and for mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation.
g)Low-dose of acetylsalicylic acid for ischaemic stroke.
h)Care for acute stroke and rehabilitation in stroke units.
i)Foot-care interventions; educational programs, access to appropriate footwear; and multidisciplinary clinics.

6.Diabetes:
a)Lifestyle interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes.
b)Vaccination of influenza.
c)Preconception of care among women of reproductive age (includes patient education and intensive glucose management for gestational diabetes).
d)Early detection of diabetic retinopathy with regular dilated eye examination followed by appropriate laser photocoagulation therapy to prevent blindness.
e)Enalapril to prevent the progression of kidney disease.

7. Cancer:
a)Preventing liver cancer through hepatitis B immunization.
b)Prevention of cervical cancer through screening (visual inspection of acetic acid) associated with timely treatment of precancerous lesions.
c)Vaccination against human papillomavirus according to national programs and policies, as appropriate, if cost-effective and affordable.
d)Population-based cervical cancer screening related to timely treatment.
e)Population-based screening of breast cancer mammography (50–70 years) related to timely treatment.
f)Colorectal cancer screening based on populations over 50 years of age, linked to timely treatment.
g)Oral cancer screening in high-risk groups (e.g. tobacco users) has been linked to timely treatment.
h)Palliative care; use of cost-effective treatment methods, including pain relief opioid analgesics.

8.Chronic respiratory disease:
a)Access to improved stoves and cleaner fuel to reduce indoor air pollution.
b)Cost-effective interventions to prevent occupational lung diseases, i.e. exposure to silica, asbestos.
c)Asthma treatment based on WHO guidelines.
d)Vaccination of influenza in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

9.Research and surveillance:
a)Develop and implement a national priority research agenda for NCDs.
b)Strengthen research capacity through cooperation with research institutions.
c)Implement other policy options to support and support national capacity for high-quality research and development.
d)Develop national targets and indicators based on a global framework for monitoring.
e)Establish/strengthen a comprehensive NCD surveillance system, including reliable cause death registration, cancer registration, periodic risk factor data collection and national response monitoring.
e)Integrate surveillance/monitoring of NCDs into national health information systems.
f)Monitor trends and determinants of NCDs and assess progress in their prevention and control.

Note: Action at Community level to promote good health and prevent disease should involve schools, workplaces, residential districts, women's associations and young people. In addition to increasing health literacy, health-promoting environments must be created through smoke-free and exercise-friendly physical spaces, cafeterias serving healthy food, and group activities that reduce stress and create well-being.People must learn to exercise healthy choices related to tobacco, diet, physical activity, and alcohol.