Question

State Moseley’s law.

Answer 1

Hint: In brief, as per this law the square root of the frequency of the emitted x-ray is approximately proportional to the atomic number.


Complete step by step solution:
Moseley's law is an empirical law mainly focused on the characteristic \[x - rays\] emitted by the atoms. The law had been discovered and published by the English physicist ‘Henry Moseley’ . Until Moseley's work, "atomic number" was merely an element's place in the periodic table and was not known to be associated with any measurable physical quantity. In brief, the law states that the square root of the frequency of the emitted x-ray is approximately proportional to the atomic number.
Sometimes an electron with a definite energy is emitted by the atom instead of a \[X - ray\] photon when electrons in the outer shells cascade to lower energy states. This process is known as Auger emission. Auger spectroscopy, the analysis of the energy of the emitted electrons when a surface is bombarded by electrons at a few kilovolt energies, is commonly used in surface science to identify the elemental composition of the surface.
The traditional method of producing \[X - rays\] is based on the bombardment of high-energy electrons on a metal target in a vacuum tube. A typical \[X - ray\] tube consists of a cathode (a source of electrons, usually a heated filament) and an anode, which are mounted within an evacuated chamber or envelope.

Note: \[X - ray\] absorption edges are useful for determining the elemental composition of solids or liquids and also in other practical applications.