Question

How do mitochondria and cytoplasm work together?

Answer 1

Hint: Mitochondria, a membrane-bound organelle present in almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with specifically established nuclei) in the cytoplasm, whose primary function is to produce large amounts of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Complete answer:
Within the cytoplasm are the mitochondria. These organelles generating ATP (cellular power) are isolated physically by a membrane from the surrounding cytoplasm. A double membrane, in fact

The reactions that generate pyruvate that is required for the link reaction to occur occur in the cytoplasm. In order to make 1,6 bis-phosphate, glucose has 2 phosphate molecules added to each end of the linear molecule. This is split into two to make two pyruvate molecules that will then pass into the mitochondria's intermembrane space from the cytoplasm.

From there, ATP is produced by the connective reaction, cancer and oxidative phosphorylation (as well as some other useful products too).For use in cell reactions that require energy, this ATP can then pass into the cytoplasm.

The outer membrane enables it to filter out the components from the surrounding cytoplasm that it does not like, so that the "intermembrane space, or IMS," effectively becomes the mitochondria cytoplasm, if we consider the mitochondrion as a miniature cell.Meanwhile the inner membrane acts as a barrier that allows your mitochondria, through a difference in proton concentrations, to create a "potential gradient," or basically a voltage. This is what drives the development of your cells' ATP - the common energy currency.

A mitochondrion also has its own DNA, distinct from that of the nucleus, and eventually has its own machinery to generate protein from that DNA, which also helps to keep the inner membrane separate from the IMS surrounding it. For these, and several other purposes, it turns out that the best way of looking at things may be to consider the mitochondria as miniature cells.

The endosymbiotic hypothesis states that in our cells, mitochondria were once a type of bacteria that survived endocytosis (basically being eaten in one bite by another cell). That is the "endosymbiotic" ENDO part.

With bacteria, mitochondria share many common properties, but depend greatly on chemicals and proteins that come from the cytoplasm surrounding them. The fact that the vast majority of mitochondrially-localized proteins are encoded within the nucleus (an organelle entirely separate from the mitochondria) and produced in the cytoplasm is perhaps most illustrative of this point. Mitochondria will fail to do anything at all without these proteins.

In addition, mitochondria rely on the shuttling of certain chemicals from the cytoplasm in order to conduct their required biochemistries, where the necessary specialised reactions can occur to produce them. This interdependence of the cell on the mitochondria (to generate energy, among other roles) and vice versa (to provide proteins/substrates for the purposes of the mitochondria) is the SYMBIOTIC aspect of the theory, among other things.

Note: Cytoplasm is a dense solution which is enclosed by the cell membrane and fills each cell. In the cytoplasm, all of the organelles of eukaryotic cells are found, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The cytoplasm part that is not present in the organelles is called the cytosol.