Question

How is the vaccine produced?

Answer 1

Hint: Vaccine is a biological agent which is obtained or prepared that provides active acquired immunity against a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that mimics a disease-causing microorganism. It triggers the immune system without making us sick.

Complete answer:
Vaccines typically contain dead or inactivated organisms or purified products derived from them and thus produced by following ways-

i) Inactivated - Many vaccines contain inactivated microorganisms that were once virulent and that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation. They are considered an intermediate phase between the inactivated and attenuated vaccines and Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines.

ii) Attenuated - Some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms and many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties. They are also made by using the closely related microbes which are less virulent as compared to the causative agents. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, mumps, and rubella, and the bacterial disease typhoid.

iii) Toxoid - Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism and examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria.

iv) Conjugate - Certain bacteria have a polysaccharide outer coat that is poorly immunogenic. By linking these outer coats to proteins (e.g., toxins), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen.

Note: Vaccines prevent the occurrence of an infectious disease. An mRNA vaccine (or RNA vaccine) is a novel type of vaccine. It is composed of nucleic acid RNA, packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles. Among the COVID-19 vaccines are a number of RNA vaccines- like Pfizer.