Question

Flame cells and malpighian tubules are the analogous organs in
A. Insects and arthropods respectively.
B. Arthropods and echinoderms respectively
C. Helminths and arthropods with other insects respectively
D. Arthropods and other insects with helminths respectively

Answer 1

Hint: A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in freshwater invertebrates mainly flatworms, rotifers, and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals which are the excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, it removes waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia.

Complete answer: The flame cell has a nucleated cell body, with a "cup-shaped" projection, with flagella, covering the inner surface of the cup. The cup is attached to a tube cell, whose inner surface is also coated in cilia, it helps in moving the liquid through the tube cell. Molecules enter the tubule into the tube cells through the gap between the flame cell and tube cell for excretion. The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. This system consists of branching tubules that extend from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding haemolymph. The waste products then are released from the organism in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds and calcium oxalate. Analogous organs are the organs of different animals which have different basic structure but they perform the same function. Flame cells are called the excretory organs in members of phylum Platyhelminthes, which are commonly called helminths and Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs in members of phylum Arthropoda with other insects.
So the correct answer is option C

Note: Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of the kidney and urinary function. There are Three excretory systems evolved in organisms before complex kidneys: vacuoles, flame cells, and Malpighian tubules.