Thermal Diffusivity: An Introduction
Under steady-state conditions, thermal conductivity indicates how rapidly heat moves through a substance from the hot side to the cold side, thermal diffusivity of a substance is how well a heat may be dispersed by material, taking into consideration both how rapidly the heat may be transmitted through and the speed at which its own temperature may fluctuate.
A measurement of a substance's or energy's ability to diffuse or to permit something to pass through diffusion define diffusivity.
What is Thermal Diffusivity?
The rate at which temperature spreads through a material is referred to as thermal diffusivity. Thermal conductivity and heat thermal capacity are used to compute thermal diffusivity. We use D or α (alpha) to denote thermal diffusivity. The SI unit of thermal diffusivity is m2/s.
Thermal Conductivity
It is the process by which heat is transferred from hotter to cooler regions of a body, bringing the temperature closer to equilibrium. Thermal conduction, as opposed to heat transmission through convection, results from a direct energy transfer between particles, such as molecules, atoms, and electrons, with higher and lower energies. Thermal conduction is unrelated to macroscopic displacements in the body. We use ‘k’ or ‘λ’ to represent it. Thermal resistivity is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
Thermal Diffusivity Formula
Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of thermal conductivity to the product of material density and specific heat capacity when the pressure is constant.
$\alpha = \dfrac{k}{{\rho {c_p}}}$
Where
k – Thermal conductivity
$\rho $- Density of the material
\[{c_p}\]- Specific heat capacity
$\rho {c_p}$- volumetric heat capacity
In other words, we can also say that thermal diffusivity is the ratio of the heat allowed to travel through the material to the heat held in the material per unit volume.
Because thermal diffusivity is a ratio between thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity at constant pressure, a material with a high value of thermal diffusivity doesn't always disperse heat better than a material with a low value of thermal diffusivity.
Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity
Laser Flash Method: The thermal diffusivity of several different materials is measured using the laser flash analysis or laser flash technique. A plane-parallel sample has one side heated by an energy pulse, and the time-dependent temperature increase caused by the energy input is seen on the opposite side. Energy moves toward the backside more quickly the higher the sample's thermal diffusivity.
Infrared Thermography: The science of collecting and analysing thermal data from non-contact thermal imaging sensors is known as infrared (IR) thermography. IR thermography uses the electromagnetic spectrum's infrared region to find the energy that has been released. This translates to wavelengths outside of the range of visible light.
Thermal Diffusivity of Different Materials
Interesting Facts
A heat sink is a device created to transfer heat from one piece of equipment to another. To permit the rapid transfer of heat, a heat sink must have a very high thermal diffusivity. These are used in electronic devices and computers.
Used in electric devices and machines like refrigeration systems, heating machines, machining, and other industrial purposes.
Solved Problem
1. Calculate the thermal diffusivity of the water at 25 degrees Celsius with a density of 997 kg/m3, a specific heat capacity of 4182 J/kg.K, and thermal conductivity of 0.6071 W/m.K.
Sol:
Given
k – 0.6071 W/m.K
$\rho $- 997 kg/m3
\[{c_p}\]- 4182 J/kg.K
The formula for thermal diffusivity:
$\alpha = \dfrac{k}{{\rho {c_p}}}$
$\Rightarrow \alpha = \dfrac{{0.6071}}{{997 \times 4184}}$
\[\therefore \alpha = 1455\] mm2/s
The thermal diffusivity of water is \[\alpha = 1455\] mm2/s
2. Calculate the thermal diffusivity of the Gold with a density of 19300 kg/m3, a specific heat capacity of 130 J/kg.K, and thermal conductivity of 318 W/m.K.
Sol:
Given
k – 318 W/m.K
$\rho $- 19300 kg/m3
\[{c_p}\]- 130 J/kg.K
The formula for thermal diffusivity:
$\alpha = \dfrac{k}{{\rho {c_p}}}$
$\Rightarrow \alpha = \dfrac{{318}}{{19300 \times 130}}$
\[\therefore \alpha = 126.74\] mm2/s
The thermal diffusivity of Gold is \[\alpha = 126.74\] mm2/s
Summary
In many sectors, thermal diffusivity is crucial for choosing the best materials that can transfer heat efficiently without overheating themselves. In a real-world application, it is also very useful where heat transfer takes place in computers and electronic devices. It is very important that this process happens easily otherwise creating heating problems.
FAQs on Thermal Diffusivity
1. How does density affect thermal diffusivity?
The "heat transfer average distance" will decrease with an increase in bulk density, which will also result in a decrease in thermal conductivity. The extra mass within the same volume will boost solid conduction to counteract this impact. We can also see this relation in the formula that thermal diffusivity and density both are inversely proportional. But there are two other parameters involved in the formula to find the final value of thermal diffusivity. We also have to consider those two.
2. Which is more important, thermal conductivity or thermal diffusivity?
It may be thought of as a material's capacity for heat conduction in relation to the heat stored per unit volume. As a result, greater thermal conductivity follows greater thermal diffusivity. Because of this, materials with higher thermal diffusivity quickly transmit heat through them. They are related to each other as thermal diffusivity is dependent on thermal conductivity, we also see this relation in the formal for better understanding.
3. What does higher thermal diffusivity mean?
Heat moves quickly through the material when the diffusivity is high. Heat transfer is any or all of a variety of processes that are thought to function as mechanisms to move entropy and energy from one place to another. Common names for the specific mechanisms include convection, heat radiation, and conduction. Conduction is the slow-moving transmission of energy and entropy between neighbouring molecules. If Thermal diffusivity is high the heat transfer is more rapid because two other factors are involved.
