Question

Write short notes on any two of the following.
A. Disease caused by bacteria and cure
B. Plasmids
C. Dengue fever

Answer 1

Hint: Bacterial diseases include all types of diseases caused by bacteria. Plasmids are defined primarily as extrachromosomal genetic elements found primarily in bacteria and rarely found in eukaryotes. Dengue fever is a tropical mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue fever is transmitted by several types of female mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes, especially Aedes aegypti

Complete answer:
Disease caused by bacteria and cure-Bacterial diseases include all types of diseases caused by bacteria. Bacteria are a type of microbes, small living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. Other types of microorganisms include viruses, some fungi, and some parasites. The harmful bacteria that cause bacterial infections and diseases are known as pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial disease occurs when pathogenic bacteria enter the body and begin to multiply to replace healthy bacteria or grow in normal sterile tissue. Harmful bacteria can also release toxins that are harmful to your body.
Cure- our body reacts to these pathogenic bacteria by increasing inflammation and sending cells to the immune system for attacking and destroying bacteria. Antibodies produced by the immune system attach to bacteria and help kill them. It can also inactivate toxins produced by certain pathogens such as tetanus and diphtheria. Although antibiotic-resistant strains are emerging, serious infections can be treated with antibiotics, which disrupt the metabolic processes of bacteria. Vaccinations can be used to prevent many major bacterial diseases such as Haemophilus influenzae B, tetanus, and whooping cough.
Plasmids-Plasmids are defined primarily as extrachromosomal genetic elements found primarily in bacteria and rarely found in eukaryotes. In bacteria, plasmids are circular double-stranded DNA molecules that contain genes that control various functions. Plasmid RNA is found in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Plasmids are self-replicating elements, but they are highly dependent on the replication of the host cell because they use the replication mechanism of the host cell. The first plasmid found was the E. coli sex factor K12 or plasmid F (F stands for fertility).
Dengue fever is caused by a virus and the disease is in warm countries. Sudden fever accompanied by a rash on the face and severe pain in the head, eyes, muscles and joints. Dengue fever is not fatal and is transmitted through Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex fatigans. Dengue fever often occurs suddenly in a rapidly spreading epidemic.
Mosquitoes at home (A. aegypti) maintain the disease cycle in humans, while A. albopictus and others living in bush or forests maintain monkey infections (dengue forest fever).

Note: Plasmids can be removed by bacterial cells in a process called healing. Healing can occur spontaneously or be initiated by various treatments that suppress plasmid replication but do not affect bacterial chromosome replication and cell regeneration. The plasmid that is inhibited is slowly diluted by the growth of the bacterial population. This treatment interferes with plasmid replication rather than bacterial chromosome replication.
Dengue fever is an acute febrile illness characterized clinically by haemorrhagic phenomena and a tendency to develop shock syndrome, which can be fatal. Diagnostic symptoms are acute onset, mild fever lasting up to 2-7 days, with various haemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae, purpura, achymosis epistaxis, bleeding gums, hematuria and melena, enlarged liver and shock manifested by rapid and weak pulse , tight pulse pressure or hypotension, etc.