Question

Which of the following is the example of direct gene transfer?
A.Microinjection
B.Electroporation
C.Particle gun
D.All of the above

Answer 1

Hint:Above mentioned are the methods to get desired characteristics in plants. Through this method, hybrids are produced which are more viable than their parents. It can be done through various methods which are either direct or indirect.

Complete answer: 1. Microinjection: In this method of direct gene transfer, the desired DNA segment is injected directly into plant protoplasts and cells (the nucleus or cytoplasm), this is done using fine-tipped glass needles. This glass needle is also referred to as a micropipette. This method of gene transfer is more stable than any other method and is effective for both primary and established cultures.
2. Electroporation: Electroporation is an effective process to transfer DNA segments directly into cells. Substances like nucleic acids are introduced in the biological membranes of bacterial cells or other desired cells by the application of electric fields. Pores, known as electropores, are formed in the lipid layer of the cell membrane, which allows molecules and ions to pass from one membrane to another. It is a fast and effective method.
3. Particle gun: The process involves the coating of foreign DNA, containing the genes to be transferred, on the surface of tungsten particles. These coated tungsten particles are then bombarded on the target cells using a particle gun.
So, all the methods mentioned above are methods of direct gene transfer.
Therefore, our correct option will be (D) All of the above

Additional Information:
Genetic engineering is a technique for obtaining transformed plants. In it, freshly isolated protoplasts are used for genetic transformation. The protoplast stage is for a short duration before it regenerates the cell wall, and DNA transfer is performed during this period.

Note:The genes are transferred without the help of vectors in the direct gene transfer method. It can be done to achieve various objectives. These objectives include increased vigor and quality.