Question

Which of the following biotechnological product can enhance the immune system?
A) IL-2
B) GM-CSF
C) TNF
D) All of these

Answer 1

Hint A product that can enhance the immune system should be involved in the development and regulation of both cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses. And the product should also facilitate innate immune response by inducing macrophage and NK cell activation, generating inflammatory and chemotaxis processes.
Complete step-by-step answer: IL-2 is a interleukin. Interleukins are a group of cytokines secreted by leukocytes that have effects on other leukocytes. Interleukin is a type of signalling molecule that is responsible for immunity.
GM-CSF is a hematopoietin that is a generic name given to hematopoietic growth factors or hematopoietic cytokines. It includes colony-stimulating factors( CSF, including G-CSF, and M-CSF). The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts that function as a cytokine. For example- a white blood cell can stimulate stem cells to produce neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. Monocytes migrate to tissues where they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. So it is a part of the immune system and enhances the immune system.
TNF – The tumor necrosis factor family of cytokines activates signalling pathways for cell survival, death, and differentiation. It constitutes 19 members that mediate diverse biological functions in a variety of cellular systems. TNF is also a cell signalling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. It is produced mainly by activated macrophages. The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells.
Hence the correct answer is an option (D) all of the above
Note: Macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells act as sensor cells that detect infection and initiate immune responses by producing inflammatory mediators. Activation of pattern recognition receptors on sensor cells can directly induce effector functions in these cells, such as the phagocytosis and degradation of bacteria they encounter.