Question

The antibodies that are made outside the body by hybrid cell cultures are known as-
(a) Biotechnological antibodies
(b) Specific antibodies
(c) Hybrid antibodies
(d) Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 1

Hint: By cloning a unique white blood cell this antibody is made where all subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell and also can have a monovalent affinity which binds only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody).

Complete answer:
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell are called monoclonal antibodies. On the other hand, another type of antibodies i.e polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cells (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. By the process of increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes, bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance if almost any substance is given; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance.

Additional information:
1) A early 20th-century immunologist Paul Ehrlich first discovered the role of monoclonal antibodies, who also proposed the idea of a medical Zauberkugel, a "magic bullet” that detects a selective target disease-causing organism which would allow a toxin for that organism could be delivered along with it. Paul Ehrlich and Élie Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for this work in 1908.
2) A scientist namely Jerrold Schwaber in 1973 first described the production of monoclonal antibodies involving human-mouse hybrid cells which remains widely cited among those using human-derived hybridomas.
3) In 1975, two scientists namely Georges Köhler and César Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells, that created hybridomas that could produce antibodies that are specific to known antigens and that were immortalized. For discovering this the three scientists namely Georges Köhler, César Milstein, and Niels Kaj Jerne shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984.
4) Some scientists in 1988(Greg Winter and his team) discovered the techniques to humanize monoclonal antibodies eliminating the reactions that many monoclonal antibodies caused in some patients.
5) James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo received the Nobel Prize in 2018 in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation, using monoclonal antibodies that prevent inhibitory linkages.

So the correct answer is,’ monoclonal antibodies’.

Note:
The production of such monoclonal antibodies is possible that specifically bind to virtually any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it, which has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine.