Question

Some complex inorganic and organic compounds in the hot sea aggregated in different combinations to form
(a) Protoplasm
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Nucleus
(d) Coacervates

Answer 1

Hint These are clusters of molecular aggregates in the colloidal form which are bounded by a membrane, they grow by absorbing molecules from the environment and divide by the process of budding.

Complete answer:
Some complex inorganic and organic compounds in the hot sea are aggregated in different combinations to form coacervates. The term coacervates were given by I.A. Oparin. According to Oparin coacervates are probionts that are mainly made up of aggregates of macromolecules. That is why he used to call them macromolecular aggregates. These macromolecules are mainly made up of lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. These aggregates remain surrounded by a layer of water which acts as a barrier and later on the origination of life occurred from the coacervates. So, from the above explanation, we can conclude that coacervates are protobionts or probiotic chemical aggregates having polysaccharides, protein, and water.

Additional Information:
-Scientists have suggested that in the primitive earth's oceans the large organic molecules which were formed abiotically came together spontaneously and due to the intermolecular attraction they result in the formation of large colloidal aggregates. These large colloidal aggregates are called coacervates.
-To increase the chances of chemical reaction these aggregate molecules are protected and enclosed by a membrane of fatty acids. Now, breakdown and building up reactions started gradually. For this purpose, the required energy was provided by the breakdown reactions.
-After the occurrence of these reactions, the coacervates absorb selectively proteins and other minerals from the oceans, this will result in their active growth. Now the coacervates start growing rapidly and multiplying also.
-Within 2000 a reawakening of coacervate research was seen starting with the popularity in 2004. This reawakening was done by the scientists at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), and they found that some marine invertebrates exploit complex coacervation to supply water-resistant biological adhesives, for example, the sandcastle worm.
-A few years later in 2009 the role of liquid-liquid phase separation was further recognized to be involved within the formation of certain membrane-less organelles by American biophysicists Clifford Brangwynne and Tony Hyman.

So, the correct answer is,’ Coacervates’.

Note:
-Due to the hydrophilic nature of some of the compounds of aggregate, an envelope of the water molecule is formed around each aggregate.
-The study of coacervates for biomimicry has been fueled by liquid organelles that share features with coacervate.
-The macromolecular aggregates are mainly made up of lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins.