Question

How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in the many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.
OR
Explain with examples of how religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

Answer 1

Hint: The liberal- nationalists went underground, secret societies were popping up, an Italian revolutionary came in the picture, Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy.

Complete answer: The autocratic rule in the European States was becoming more exploitative. After 1815, the liberal-nationalists or the revolutionaries started working underground because of the fear of repression
In several European states, secret societies were emerging. The prime objective was to spread the ideas and to educate the revolutionaries. After the Vienna Congress, the monarchy was established, this exploitative government was opposed by the revolutionaries. The nation-states were established as it was a significant part of the battle for freedom.
Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary was born in 1807 in Genoa. Mazzini became a part of the Carbonari based secret society. In 1831, for attempting a rebellion in Liguria, he was sent into exile.
Young Minds in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne were the secret societies founded by Mazzini. These societies included like-minded youth from Germany, Poland, Italy, and the French states.
The model of Giuseppe Mazzini was followed by different states of Europe, in Germany, Switzerland, France, Poland, several secret societies were established. According to Metternich, Mazzini was the most dangerous person for the monarchy as his constant efforts frightened the conservative or the orthodox section of the society.

Note: According to Giuseppe Mazzini, God had stated the natural units of mankind are the nations. Thus, to attain freedom or liberty from the exploitative rule, unity among the nations is important. A wider alliance of nations would help to oppose the monarchy and this unification could be the basis of Italian liberty or freedom.