Question

What is the resonance effect? What are its various types? In what respect, does the resonance effect differ from the inductive effect?

Answer 1

Hint: Resonance effect can be defined as the polarity induced in a molecule because of the interaction between a pi bond and a lone pair of electrons or the polarity induced because of the two pi bonds in conjugation. Resonance effect is of different types considering the substituent (electron donating or electron withdrawing) present on compound.

Complete answer:
We can define resonance effect as the polarity induced in a molecule because of the interaction between a pi bond and a lone pair of electrons or the polarity induced because of the two pi bonds in conjugation. It is also referred to as delocalization of pi electrons.
Resonance effect can be of two types:
$+R$ EFFECT: In this type of resonance, an electron donating group is present which donates its electron pair in the resonance by the process of delocalization. It is known as the positive resonance effect. For example: $$-OH,-SH,-OR,-SR$$ .

In the above example, the hydroxyl group is donating its lone pair of electrons to the benzene ring and pi bond delocalization is taking place.
$-R$ EFFECT: In this type of resonance, an electron withdrawing group is present which pulls the electron density from the benzene ring by the process of delocalization. It is known as the negative resonance effect. For example: $$-N{O}_2,C=O,-COOH,-C\equiv N$$ .

In the above example, the nitro group is pulling electron density from the benzene ring and showing a negative resonance effect.
Now, if we compare the inductive effect and the resonance effect, we can say that the inductive effect shows the transmission of charges between atoms in a molecule while resonance effect shows the transmission of lone pairs or pi bonds between atoms of a molecule.

Note:
We should not get confused between inductive effect, resonance effect and the hyperconjugation. Hyperconjugation is known as sigma bond resonance because in this type of delocalization, sigma bond gets delocalised on atoms of a molecule. For example alkyl groups show hyperconjugation.