Question

Name the fourth and fifth state of matter.

Answer 1

Hint: The fourth state of matter has no fixed shape or volume like gases, and is less dense than solids or liquids. And we only know about the fifth state of matter. It is mysterious and it was created in a lab in 1990.
Complete step-by-step answer:
We know from our junior classes that there are three states of matter, that are solid, liquid and gas. Each state of matter differs in their properties.
Solid: We already know that in a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by an outside force, as when broken or cut.
Liquid: We know that a liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
Gas: We know that a gas is a compressible fluid. Not only will a gas conform to the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.

Now, we will discuss the fourth and fifth states of matter.
Fourth state of matter is: Plasma state
Fifth state of matter is: Bose - Einstein condensate [BEC]

We will discuss fourth and fifth state of matter one by one:
Fourth state of matter is: Plasma state:
We should know that plasma is a state of matter that is often thought of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave very differently. Like gases, plasmas have no fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than solids or liquids. But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.
It is interesting to note that Plasma is a charged gas, with strong Coulomb [or electrostatic] interactions. Atoms or molecules can acquire a positive or negative electrical charge when they gain or lose electrons. This process is called ionization. Plasma makes up the sun and stars, and it is the most common state of matter in the universe as a whole.
We can observe plasma in action in a fluorescent light bulb or neon sign. In those cases a gas (neon for signs) is subjected to a high voltage, and the electrons are either separated from the atoms of the gas or pushed into higher energy levels. The gas inside the bulb becomes conductive plasma. The excited electrons that drop back into their previous energy levels emit photons – the light we see in a neon sign or fluorescent lamp.

Plasma TVs work in the same way. A gas — usually argon, neon or xenon — is injected into a sealed gap between two glass panels. An electrical current is passed through the gas, which causes it to glow. The plasma excites red, green and blue phosphors, which combine to give off specific colours,
Fifth state of matter is: Bose - Einstein condensate [BEC]
About Bose-Einstein condensate, we should know that it is a group of atoms cooled to within a hair of absolute zero. When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to each other; they have almost no free energy to do so. At that point, the atoms begin to clump together, and enter the same energy states. They become identical, from a physical point of view, and the whole group starts behaving as though it were a single atom.
We should know about the discovery of Bose-Einstein condensates. They were first predicted theoretically by Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974), an Indian physicist who also discovered the subatomic particle named for him, the boson. Bose was working on statistical problems in quantum mechanics, and sent his ideas to Albert Einstein. Einstein thought them important enough to get them published. As importantly, Einstein saw that Bose's mathematics — later known as Bose-Einstein statistics — could be applied to atoms as well as light.

Note: We should know that a state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions. We should know that the state or phase of a given set of matter can change depending on pressure and temperature conditions, transitioning to other phases as these conditions change to favour their existence; for example, solid transitions to liquid with an increase in temperature. Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point, boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons are so energized that they leave their parent atoms.