Question

Mention three types of innate barriers of defense with an example each.

Answer 1

Hint: Innate immunity is inherited by the body from parents and protects them for life from birth. This is because the name does not specifically indicate the lack of a specific response to a specific attacker. Innate immunity or non-specific immunity is best achieved by creating various barriers against the penetration of foreign substances into our bodies.

Complete answer:
 Innate immunity means all the elements of birth protection and can always be used to protect the body. This is a non-specific type of security system.
Physical Barrier: This is a mechanical barrier to many microbial pathogens. There are two types: Skin and mucous membranes.
> Skin: Skin is the physical barrier of the body. The hard outer layer, the stratum corneum, prevents the entry of bacteria and viruses.
> Mucous membrane: The mucus secreted from the mucous membrane traps and fixes microorganisms. When air is trapped in mucus and breathes, germs and dust particles can enter the respiratory tract. The cilia absorb mucus containing microbes and dust particles into the pharynx. It is excreted from the pharynx or swallowed in the feces.
Physiological Barrier: Prevent the invasion of microorganisms such as stomach acid, saliva in the mouth, tears in the eyes.
Bile prevents the growth of microorganisms.
Lysozyme is present in almost all secretions except tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, sweat, and urine. Lysozyme burst into tears. Lysozyme attacks bacteria and damages cell walls. Lysozyme is also found in saliva.
Sebum (sweat): Forms a protective acid layer on the surface of the skin, inhibiting the growth of many microbes.
Cytokine Barriers: Cytokines (chemical messengers of immune cells) are low molecular weight proteins that stimulate or inhibit the differentiation, proliferation, or function of immune cells. They are involved in communication between cells. Types of cytokines include leukocyte-derived interleukins, lymphocyte-derived lymphocytes, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon (IFN). Interferons protect cells from viral infection.

Note:
Innate immunity uses an existing limited repertoire of reactive components, while acquired immunity can recognize a much broader repertoire of foreign bodies. The innate immunity remains constant during the response, whereas the acquired immunity may increase during the response. It can be emphasized that the acquired immunity acts on the same pathogen much faster during the second stage because it is affected by the immunological memory than at the first stage.