Question

Identify the bivalent vaccine from the following
A. DT
B. tOPV
C. Tetanus toxoid
D. None of the above

Answer 1

Hint: A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened(attenuated) or killed forms(inactivated) of microbes, it’s toxins or one of its surface proteins.

Complete answer:
Vaccines are of two types-
• Prophylactic- To prevent the effect of a future infection by natural and wild infection.
• Therapeutic- The vaccines against cancer are being administered.
The term Vaccine and Vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae by Edward Jenner in the 1790s.

Vaccines can also be defined based on their manufacture-
• Inactivated- These contain inactivated but previously virulent microbes and now they are destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation. Eg- Polio vaccine(topv- trivalent oral polio vaccine), Hepatitis A etc.
• Attenuated- The vaccines contain live attenuated microbes, many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties. Eg- Vaccine against Measles, Mumps, Typhoid.
• Toxoid- It is made from inactivated toxoid compounds that cause illness rather than microbes. Eg- Tetanus toxoid.
• Conjugate- These include the Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine.
• Valence based vaccine- Vaccines may be monovalent or bivalent. The monovalent vaccine provides immunity against a single antigen or microbe. Bivalent provides immunity against two antigens or microbes. Eg- the Diphtheria Tetanus vaccine (DT) provides immunity against Diphtheria bacteria and Tetanus bacteria. There are also present polyvalent vaccines.

Hence, the correct answer is option (A).

Additional information:
Certain innovative medicines are under experiment and these are called innovative medicines-
• Dendritic cell vaccine- It combines dendritic cells with antigen. These are used in the treatment of brain tumors.
• Recombinant Vector vaccine-These are created by combining the physiology of one microbe with the DNA of another. Eg- vaccines made against the Ebola virus and vaccines for coronavirus is this type.

Note: Vaccines are the artificially prepared biological preparations that provide acquired immunity to an individual. There are different types of vaccines available nowadays and these vaccines can be monovalent or divalent. Polyvalent vaccines are also accessible nowadays.