Question

Give balanced equations for the following name reactions:
Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation)
Williamson’s synthesis
Aldol condensation

Answer 1

Hint: In order to solve this question we must first know what a balanced equation is. A balanced equation is an equation of a chemical reaction in which the number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge will be the same for both the reactants as well as the products. In other words we can say that, the mass and the charge are balanced on both sides of the reaction.

Complete step by step answer:
We will look into each of the name reactions one by one as follows;
Friedel-Crafts reaction (alkylation) - The two primary types of Friedel-Crafts reactions are alkylation and acylation reactions.
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group. This is done through an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring with the help of a carbocation. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction is a method of generating alkylbenzenes by using alkyl halides as reactants. A Lewis acid catalyst such as\[FeC{l_3}\] or\[AlC{l_3}\] is employed in this reaction in order to form a carbocation by facilitating the removal of the halide.
Balanced chemical equation is:
\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}
  {{{\mathbf{C}}_6}{{\mathbf{H}}_6} + {\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{H}}_3}{\mathbf{Cl}}\xrightarrow[{heating}]{{anhy.{\text{ AlC}}{{\text{l}}_3}}}{{\mathbf{C}}_6}{{\mathbf{H}}_5}{\mathbf{C}}{{\mathbf{H}}_3} + {\mathbf{HCl}}} \\
  \;
\end{array}\]
Williamson’s synthesis - The general method for the synthesis of ether is said to be Williamson ether synthesis, which involves nucleophilic displacement of a halide ion or other good leaving group by an alkoxide ion.
Balanced chemical equation is:
\[{C_2}{H_5}ONa + IC{H_3} \to {C_2}{H_5} - O - CH3\]
Aldol condensation - Aldol condensation occurs in aldehydes which has an \[{\mathbf{\alpha }} - {\mathbf{hydrogen}}\] with a dilute base to give \[{\mathbf{\beta }} - {\mathbf{hydroxy}}\] aldehydes which is called aldols. This reaction is most commonly known as aldol condensation. If the condensation reaction occurs between two different carbonyl compounds then it is called crossed aldol condensation.
Balanced chemical equation is:
\[C{H_3}CHO + HC{H_2}CHO\xrightarrow{{dil.{\text{ }}alkali}}C{H_3}CHOHC{H_2}CHO\]

Note: The condensation reaction between two different molecules of an aldehyde or ketone in a protic solvent such as water or an alcohol constitutes the crossed aldol reaction. When condensation is between two different carbonyl compounds, it is called as crossed aldol condensation. Despite overcoming some limitations of the alkylation reaction such as carbocation rearrangement and polyalkylation, the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction has a few shortcomings.