Question

Explain the process of conjugation in bacteria.

Answer 1

Hint:-Bacterial conjugation is a manner through which a bacterial cell transfers genetic fabric to every other bacterial cell. The genetic fabric that is transferred via bacterial conjugation is a small plasmid, referred to as F-plasmid, that incorporates genetic data distinct from chromosomes of the bacterial cell.

Complete answer:
- Step 1
The F+ (donor) Cell produces the pilus, that is a shape that initiates out of the cell and starts touch with an F– (recipient) cell.

- Step 2
The pilus allows direct touch among the donor and the recipient cells.

- Step 3
Because the F-plasmid includes a double-stranded DNA molecule forming a round shape, i.e., it's far connected on each ends, an enzyme nicks one of the DNA strands of the F-plasmid and this strand (additionally referred to as T-strand) is transferred to the recipient cell.

- Step 4
In the ultimate step, the donor cell and the recipient cell, each containing single-stranded DNA, mirror this DNA and as a consequence grow to be forming a double-stranded F-plasmid equal to the authentic F-plasmid. Given that the F-plasmid incorporates data to synthesize pili and different proteins (see below), the antique recipient cell is now a donor cell with the F-plasmid and the capacity to shape pili, simply because the authentic donor cell was. Now each cell is donor or F+.

Note:- The benefits of bacterial conjugation make this approach of gene switch a extensively used method in bioengineering. Some of the benefits encompass the capacity to switch pretty massive sequences of DNA and now no longer harming the host’s cell envelope. Furthermore, conjugation has been performed in laboratories now no longer simplest among microorganisms, however additionally among micro organisms and forms of cells such as plant cells, mammalian cells and yeast.