Question

What is doping? What are n type and p type semiconductors?

Answer 1

Hint: The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor material is between that of a conductor, such as metallic copper, and that of an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity decreases as the temperature rises, whereas metals have the reverse effect. By adding impurities ("doping") into the crystal structure, its conducting characteristics can be changed in beneficial ways.

Complete step by step answer:
A semiconductor junction is formed when two differentially doped areas in the same crystal occur. Diodes, transistors, and most contemporary electronics are built on the behaviour of charge carriers such as electrons, ions, and electron holes at these junctions. Silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements near the periodic table's "metalloid staircase" are examples of semiconductors. Gallium arsenide is the second most common semiconductor after silicon, and it's utilised in things like laser diodes, solar cells, and microwave-frequency integrated circuits. Silicon is a crucial component in the production of most electrical circuits.
Doping is the purposeful introduction of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor for the aim of modifying its electrical, optical, and structural characteristics in semiconductor manufacturing. An extrinsic semiconductor is a substance that has been doped. A degenerate semiconductor is a semiconductor that has been doped to such high levels that it behaves more like a conductor than a semiconductor. Doping is also known as activation in the context of phosphors and scintillators. In some pigments, doping is also employed to regulate colour. Allowable energy states are introduced by doping a semiconductor in a good crystal within the band gap, but extremely near to the energy band that corresponds to the dopant type.
There are two types of doping agents employed, resulting in two types of extrinsic semiconductors. When an electron donor dopant is integrated into a crystal, it releases a mobile conduction electron into the lattice. An n-type semiconductor is an extrinsic semiconductor that has been doped with electron donor atoms because the bulk of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. An electron acceptor dopant is an atom that accepts an electron from the lattice, producing a vacancy in the crystal where an electron should be termed a hole and can pass through it like a positively charged particle. Because the bulk of charge carriers in the crystal are positive holes, an extrinsic semiconductor that has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is referred to as a p-type semiconductor.

Note:
An extrinsic semiconductor is one that has been doped, meaning that during the manufacturing of the semiconductor crystal, a trace element or chemical known as a doping agent has been chemically incorporated into the crystal to give it different electrical properties than a pure semiconductor crystal, which is known as an intrinsic semiconductor. These foreign dopant atoms in the crystal lattice of an extrinsic semiconductor are primarily responsible for providing charge carriers that transmit electric current through the crystal.