Question

Cyclosporin A is obtained from?

Answer 1

Hint: Cyclosporin A is mainly formed from aerobic fungus being submerged in fermentation. It is an important immunosuppressant used to avoid rejection in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis) and organ transplantation.

Complete answer:
> Ciclosporin, also named cyclosporine and cyclosporine A, is a calcineurin receptor, used as an immunosuppressant drug and is isolated from the Tolypocladium inflatum fungus as a natural product.

> It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein and is also approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, nephrotic syndrome in the United States, for organ transplants to stop rejection. It is used for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) as eye drops.

> It is thought that cyclosporine works by reducing lymphocyte function. It does so by forming a cyclophilin complex to block calcineurin's phosphatase activity, which in turn decreases T‐lymphocyte development of inflammatory cytokines.

> The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) recommends Ciclosporin for the treatment and prevention of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplantation and the prevention of kidney, heart, and liver transplantation.

> Cyclosporine side effects may include gum enlargement, increased hair growth, seizures, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, increased cholesterol, respiratory disorders, tingling and numbness (especially of the lips), itchiness, high blood pressure, potassium retention (possibly contributing to hyperkalemia), burning sensations at the tips of the fingers and increased sensitivity to opportunistic fungal and viral infections.

Note: Ciclosporin was isolated from the Tolypocladium inflatum fungus in 1971, and was used in medicine in 1983. It is on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed within a health system. It was the 248th most widely prescribed drug in the United States in 2017, with more than one million prescriptions that year.