Question

How can I calculate polarity of the solvent?

Answer 1

Hint: A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resetting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Polarity refers to the electrical conditions determining the direction of the current flow relative to the electrode. Dielectric constant of the solvent peroxides a rough measure of the solvent's polarity.

Complete step by step answer:
The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and hydrogen bonding of solvent determines what type of compound it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquids compounds it is miscible. Electrons are not always shared equally between two bonding atoms. One atom might exert more of a force on the electron cloud that the other, this pull is called electronegativity. The unequal sharing of electrons within a bond loads to the formation of an electric dipole. To calculate a solvents polarity is by using its dielectric constant, which is used to measure how the solvent can partly cancel the field strength of the electric field of a particle added to it. The higher the value of a solvent dielectric constant, the more polar it will be. The polarity index increases with polarity, water having the highest value at around $9.0$ . Other values for some common solvents include $6.6$ or methanol, $6.2$ for acetic acid, \[5.2\] for ethanol and $2.3$ for toluene.

Additional Information:
Bond polarity is the reparation of electric charge along a bond, loading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment. Polar molecules interact through dipole dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds. The bond dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the amount of charge separated and the distance between the charges.
A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges form polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. When comparing a polar and no polar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a high boiling point, because the dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. A completely polar bond is more correctly called an ionic bond, and occurs when the difference between electronegativity is large enough that one atom actually takes an electron from the other. The diatomic molecule ${{\text{O}}_{2}}$ does not have polarity in the covalent bond because of equal electronegativity hence there is no polarity in the molecules.

Note: Dielectric constant can predict the solvents ability to dissolve ionic compounds. The term polar and no polar are usually applied to covalent bonds, that is bonds where polarity is not complete. To determine the polarity of a covalent bond using numerical means, the difference between the electronegativity of the atom is used. Polarity underlines a number of physical properties include surface tension, solubility and melting and boiling points. There are two direct ways of measuring polarity. One is by measuring a constant called dielectric constant. Second by directly measuring dipole moment.